Project 1035: M. Heikkilä, L. Kaila, M. Mutanen, C. Peña, N. Wahlberg. 2012. Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1731):1093-1099.
Abstract
Although the taxonomy of the ca 18 000 species of butterflies and skippers is well known, the family-level relationships are still debated. Here, we present, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the superfamilies Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea and Hedyloidea to date based on morphological and molecular data. We reconstructed their phylogenetic relationships using parsimony and Bayesian approaches. We estimated times and rates of diversification along lineages in order to reconstruct their evolutionary history. Our results suggest that the butterflies, as traditionally understood, are paraphyletic, with Papilionidae being the sister-group to Hesperioidea, Hedyloidea and all other butterflies. Hence, the families in the current three superfamilies should be placed in a single superfamily Papilionoidea. In addition, we find that Hedylidae is sister to Hesperiidae, and this novel relationship is supported by two morphological characters. The families diverged in the Early Cretaceous but diversified after the Cretaceous–Palaeogene event. The diversification of butterflies is characterized by a slow speciation rate in the lineage leading to Baronia brevicornis, a period of stasis by the skippers after divergence and a burst of diversification in the lineages leading to Nymphalidae, Riodinidae and Lycaenidae.Read the article »
Project DOI: 10.7934/P1035, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P1035
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 9162 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 185 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 447 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:185/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 1035
MorphoBank Project 1035
- Creation Date:
26 September 2013 - Publication Date:
22 October 2013 - Project views: 68943
- Media downloads: 2
- Matrix downloads: 17
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- University of Helsinki
- University of Oulu
- University of Turku
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
Jo Wolfe Project Administrator | 71 | 13 | 13 | 185 | 0 | 0 | 9162 (8849, 0, 313) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Niklas Wahlberg Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M2297' (58 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Scardia boletella Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 13 | 169 | 164 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[2] Pterodecta felderi Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 10 | 175 | 171 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[3] Thyris fenestrella Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 88 | 92 | 89 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[4] Striglina scitaria Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 7 | 97 | 95 | 0 | 85 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[5] Macrosoma spp Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 23 | 164 | 159 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[6] Pyrgus malvae Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 2 | 187 | 181 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[7] Urbanus dominicus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 83 | 101 | 98 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[8] Thymelicus lineola Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 4 | 184 | 179 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[9] Carterocephalus silvicola Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 1 | 187 | 182 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[10] Jemadia pseudognetus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 81 | 104 | 100 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[11] Hasora chromus/discolor Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 45 | 142 | 137 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[12] Trapezites symmomus/luteus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 3 | 186 | 180 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[13] Euschemon rafflesia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 6 | 183 | 177 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[14] Ochlodes faunus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 6 | 183 | 177 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[15] Baronia brevicornis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 62 | 123 | 119 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[16] Parnassius apollo Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 2 | 185 | 179 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[17] Papilio machaon Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 3 | 184 | 178 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[18] Graphium leonidas/eurypylus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 5 | 181 | 175 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[19] Troides helena Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 74 | 110 | 106 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[20] Parides iphidamas Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 74 | 111 | 107 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[21] Pieris rapae Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 1 | 188 | 182 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[22] Aporia crataegi Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 2 | 187 | 181 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[23] Delias hyperate Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 189 | 183 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[24] Leptidea sinapis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 2 | 186 | 181 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[25] Enantia melite/hecabe Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 1 | 111 | 107 | 0 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[26] Colias palaeno Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 187 | 182 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[27] Eurema lisa/hecabe Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 4 | 185 | 179 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[28] Pseudopontia paradoxa Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 71 | 117 | 113 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[29] Favonius quercus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 5 | 185 | 179 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[30] Celastrina argiolus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 2 | 187 | 182 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[31] Lycaena helle Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 3 | 187 | 181 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[32] Lucia limbaria Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 6 | 184 | 178 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[33] Curetis acuta Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 75 | 113 | 109 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[34] Poritia erycinoides Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 90 | 98 | 94 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[35] Miletus boisduvalii Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 81 | 107 | 103 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[36] Liphyra brassolis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 5 | 181 | 176 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[37] Riodina lysippus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 84 | 104 | 100 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[38] Hamearis lucina Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 2 | 188 | 182 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[39] Emesis lucinda Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 85 | 104 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[40] Mesosemia lamachus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 83 | 106 | 102 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[41] Euselasia eulione Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 80 | 108 | 104 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[42] Amarynthis meneria Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 80 | 108 | 104 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[43] Melitaea cinxia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 6 | 181 | 176 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[44] Nymphalis polychloros Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 4 | 183 | 178 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[45] Apatura ilia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 6 | 181 | 176 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[46] Limenitis populi Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 2 | 185 | 180 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[47] Aphanthopus hyperantus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 6 | 182 | 176 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[48] Erebia ligea Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 6 | 182 | 177 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[49] Libythea celtis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 48 | 138 | 135 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[50] Danaus plexippus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 3 | 184 | 178 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[51] Heliconius erato Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 83 | 104 | 100 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[52] Actinote thalia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 78 | 107 | 103 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[53] Issoria lathonia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 7 | 182 | 176 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[54] Argynnis paphia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 2 | 185 | 180 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[55] Morpho achilles Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 77 | 108 | 105 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[56] Amathusia phidippus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 76 | 109 | 106 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[57] Opsiphanes quiteria Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 80 | 104 | 102 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[58] Charaxes jasius Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 10 | 176 | 172 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 68943 | |
Project overview | 4232 | |
Media views | 17537 | Media search (6216 views); M309282 (871 views); M309281 (919 views); M309286 (881 views); M309283 (908 views); M309284 (854 views); M309287 (866 views); M309288 (867 views); M309290 (830 views); M309293 (878 views); M309285 (838 views); M309291 (868 views); M309289 (911 views); M309292 (830 views); |
Specimen list | 16149 | |
Matrix views | 3422 | Matrix landing page (3015 views); Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies (407 views); |
Views for media list | 3282 | |
Taxon list | 23299 | |
Bibliography | 1018 | |
Documents list | 4 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 426 | |
Media downloads | 2 | M309281 (1 download); M309286 (1 download); |
Matrix downloads | 17 | Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies (17 downloads); |
Project downloads | 407 |