Project 3614: G. Musser, J. A. Clarke. 2020. An Exceptionally Preserved Specimen From the Green River Formation Elucidates Complex Phenotypic Evolution in Gruiformes and Charadriiformes. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 8:null.
Abstract
The stem lineage relationships and early phenotypic evolution of Charadriiformes(shorebirds) and Gruiformes (rails, cranes, and allies) remain unresolved. It is still
debated whether these clades are sister-taxa. New phylogenetic analyses incorporating
Paleogene fossils have the potential to reveal the evolutionary connections of these
two speciose and evolutionarily critical neoavian subclades. Although Gruiformes have
a rich Paleogene fossil record, most of these fossils have not been robustly placed.
The Paleogene fossil record of Charadriiformes is scarce and largely consists of
fragmentary single elements. Only one proposed Eocene charadriiform-like taxon,
Scandiavis mikkelseni of Denmark, is represented by a partial skeleton. Here, we
describe a new species from the early Eocene Green River Formation of North America
comprising a partial skeleton and feather remains. Because the skeleton lacks the
pectoral girdle and forelimbs as in S. mikkelseni, only features of the skull, axial skeleton,
and hind limb are available to resolve the phylogenetic placement of this taxon. These
anatomical subregions initially showed features seen in Charadriiformes and Gruiformes.
To assess placement of this taxon, we use a matrix consisting of 693 morphological
characters and 60 taxa, including S. mikkelseni and the oldest known charadriiform
taxa represented by single elements. These more fragmentary records comprise two
distal humeri from the earliest Eocene Naranbulag Formation of Mongolia and the early
Eocene Nanjemoy Formation of Virginia. Our phylogenetic analyses recover the new
taxon and S. mikkelseni alternatively as a charadriiform or as a stem-gruiform; placement
is contingent upon enforced relationships for major neoavian subclades recovered
by recent molecular-based phylogenies. Specifically, when constraint trees based on
results that do not recover Charadriiformes and Gruiformes as sister-taxa are used, the
new taxon and S. mikkelseni are recovered within stem Gruiformes. Both Paleogene
fossil humeri are consistently recovered within crown Charadriiformes. If placement of
these humeri or the new taxon as charadriiforms are correct, this may indicate that
recent divergence time analyses have underestimated the crown age of another major
crown avian subclade; however, more complete sampling of these taxa is necessary,
especially of more complete specimens with pectoral elements.
Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.559929
Project DOI: 10.7934/P3614, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P3614
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 33197 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 693 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 2103 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:690/3 |
Currently Viewing:
MorphoBank Project 3614
MorphoBank Project 3614
- Creation Date:
14 January 2020 - Publication Date:
03 November 2020 - Project views: 14841
- Media downloads: 1
- Matrix downloads: 32
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- University of Texas at Austin
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | media notes | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||||||||
Grace Musser Project Administrator | 60 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 693 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 33197 (33197, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Julia Clarke Observer | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M26886' (60 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Crypturellus undulatus Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 93 | 600 | 600 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[2] Tinamus solitarius Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 84 | 609 | 609 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[3] Lophura bulweri Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 57 | 636 | 636 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[4] Chauna torquata Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 66 | 627 | 627 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[5] Anas platyrhynchos Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 63 | 630 | 630 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[6] Mergus serrator Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 69 | 624 | 624 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[7] Gallus gallus Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 53 | 640 | 640 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[8] Gavia immer Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 65 | 628 | 628 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[9] Spheniscus humboldti Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 72 | 621 | 621 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[10] Phoenicopterus chilensis Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 42 | 651 | 651 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[11] Podiceps cristata Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 65 | 628 | 628 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[12] Caprimulgus carolinensis Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 74 | 619 | 619 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[13] Eudromias ruficollis Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 40 | 653 | 653 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[14] Jacana jacana Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 25 | 668 | 668 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[15] Haematopus ostralegus Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 40 | 653 | 653 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[16] Burhinus bistriatus Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 31 | 662 | 662 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[17] Charadrius semipalmatus Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 28 | 665 | 665 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[18] Vanellus coronatus Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 72 | 621 | 621 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[19] Chionis alba Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 33 | 660 | 660 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[20] Pluvianus aegyptius Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 60 | 633 | 633 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[21] Larus atricilla Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 30 | 663 | 663 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[22] Recurvirostra avosetta Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 62 | 631 | 631 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[23] Stercorarius longicaudus Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 41 | 652 | 652 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[24] Thinocorus rumicivorous Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 82 | 611 | 611 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[25] Turnix nigricollis Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 107 | 586 | 586 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[26] † IGM 100/1435 Last Modified in 11/03/20 | 685 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[27] † Scandiavis mikkelseni Last Modified in 11/03/20 | 521 | 172 | 172 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[28] † Nahmavis grandei Last Modified in 11/03/20 | 501 | 192 | 192 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[29] † Salmila robusta Last Modified in 11/03/20 | 556 | 137 | 137 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[30] Opisthocomus hoazin Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 38 | 655 | 655 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[31] Phaethon aethereus Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 47 | 646 | 646 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[32] Psophia crepitans Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 34 | 659 | 659 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[33] Aramus guarana Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 34 | 659 | 659 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[34] Balearica regulorum Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 36 | 657 | 657 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[35] Grus japonensis Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 62 | 631 | 631 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[36] Podica senegalensis Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 237 | 456 | 456 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[37] Heliornis fulica Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 49 | 644 | 644 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[38] Heliopais personata Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 444 | 249 | 249 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[39] Sarothrura lugens Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 369 | 324 | 324 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[40] Sarothrura pulchra Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 56 | 637 | 637 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[41] Himantornis haematopus Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 35 | 658 | 658 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[42] Habroptila wallacii Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 54 | 639 | 639 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[43] Gallicrex cinerea Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 39 | 654 | 654 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[44] Canirallus oceleus batesi Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 287 | 406 | 406 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[45] Aramides cajanea Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 25 | 668 | 668 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[46] Rallus longirostris Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 30 | 663 | 663 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[47] Gallinula chloropus Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 28 | 665 | 665 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[48] Porphyrula martinica Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 43 | 650 | 650 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[49] † Pellornis mikkelseni Last Modified in 11/03/20 | 519 | 174 | 174 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[50] † Messelornis cristata Last Modified in 11/03/20 | 403 | 290 | 290 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[51] † Songzia acutunguis Last Modified in 11/03/20 | 558 | 135 | 135 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[52] Eurypyga helias Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 40 | 653 | 653 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[53] Rhynochetos jubatus Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 39 | 654 | 654 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[54] Chlamydotis macqueenii Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 101 | 592 | 592 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[55] Cariama cristata Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 51 | 642 | 642 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[56] Chunga burmeisteri Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 120 | 573 | 573 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[57] Columba livia Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 51 | 642 | 642 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[58] Cathartes burrovianus Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 86 | 607 | 607 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[59] Leptosomus discolor Last Modified in 08/14/20 | 64 | 629 | 629 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[60] † SMF av 619 Last Modified in 11/03/20 | 687 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 14841 | |
Project overview | 1074 | |
Documents list | 568 | |
Matrix views | 871 | Matrix landing page (592 views); Morphology Matrix (279 views); |
Taxon list | 5369 | |
Media views | 2516 | Media search (1863 views); M686963 (310 views); M686961 (343 views); |
Folio views | 857 | Folio list (555 views); TIFF CT Scan Files and STL files (302 views); |
Specimen list | 1657 | |
Views for media list | 1509 | |
Bibliography | 420 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 130 | |
Project downloads | 88 | |
Matrix downloads | 32 | Morphology Matrix (32 downloads); |
Document downloads | 9 | NEXUS file containing three molecular backbone constraint trees (2 downloads); Scan sheet for CT scans (6 downloads); STL files for elements segmented using Aviso (1 download); |
Media downloads | 1 | M686963 (1 download); |