Project 1210: D. A. Janies, J. R. Voight, M. Daly. 2011. Echinoderm phylogeny including Xyloplax, a progenetic asteroid. Systematic Biology. 60 (4):420-438.
Abstract
Reconstruction of the phylogeny of the five extant classes of the phylum Echinodermata has proven difficult. Results concerning higher-level taxonomic relationships among echinoderms are sensitive to the choice of analytical parameters and methods. Moreover, the proposal of a putative sixth class based on a small enigmatic disc-shaped echinoderm, Xyloplax, from the deep seas of the Bahamas and New Zealand in the 1980s further complicated the problem. Although clearly an echinoderm, Xyloplax did not have clear affinity among known groups. Using molecular sequence and developmental data from recently collected Xyloplax adults and embryos, we show that rather than representing an ancient distinct lineage as implied by its status as a class, Xyloplax is simply a starfish that is closely related to the asteroid family Pterasteridae. Many members of the Pterasteridae and all Xyloplax inhabit deep or polar seas and brood young. Brooding pterasterids and Xyloplax hold their young in specialized adult chambers until the young reach an advanced juvenile stage after which they are released as free-living individuals. We hypothesize that the unique morphology of Xyloplax evolved via progenesis—the truncation of somatic growth at a juvenile body plan but with gonadal growth to maturity. Although the overall phylogeny of extant echinoderms remains sensitive to the choice of analytical methods, the placement of Xyloplax as sister to pterasterid asteroids is unequivocal. Based on this, we argue that the proposed class and infraclass status of Xyloplax should be suppressed.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syr044
Project DOI: 10.7934/P1210, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P1210
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 2957 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 36 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 73 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:36/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 1210
MorphoBank Project 1210
- Creation Date:
09 June 2014 - Publication Date:
28 March 2015 - Project views: 139028
- Media downloads: 1
- Matrix downloads: 10
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- Ohio State University
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte
- Field Museum of Natural History
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
Jo Wolfe Project Administrator | 86 | 54 | 59 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 2957 (2957, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Daniel Janies Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M2733' (86 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Ciona intestinalis Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 31 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[2] Acodontaster conspicuus Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[3] Allostichaster sp Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[4] Amblypneustes ovum Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[5] Amphipholis squamata Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[6] Arbacia lixula Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[7] Arbacia punctulata Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[8] Archaster typicus Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[9] Asterias forbesi Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[10] Asterina miniata Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[11] Asteronyx sp Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[12] Astropecten articulatus Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[13] Astropecten polyacanthus Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[14] Brisingaster robillardi Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[15] Caymanostella sp Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[16] Cephalodiscus gracilis Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 27 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[17] Chiridota rotifera Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[18] Coscinasterias muricata Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[19] Crossaster papposus Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[20] Cucumaria miniata Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[21] Cucumaria salma Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[22] Dermasterias imbricata Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[23] Diplasterias brucei Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[24] Diplodontias miliaris Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[25] Echinaster sentus Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[26] Echinocardium cordatum Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[27] Echinuses culentus Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[28] Encope aberrans Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[29] Eucidaris tribuloides Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[30] Eurygonias hylacanthus Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[31] Evasterias troschelii Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[32] Florometra serratissima Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[33] Genocidaris maculata Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[34] Gorgonocephalus eucnemis Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[35] Gymnocrinus richeri Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[36] Harriamania planktophilus Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 27 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[37] Heliaster helianthoides Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[38] Henricia sp Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[39] Holopneustes inflatus Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[40] Holothuria leucospilota Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[41] Hymenaster pellucidus Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[42] Leptasterias hexactis Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[43] Leptosynapta clarkii Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[44] Luidia clathrata Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[45] Luidia foliolata Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[46] Macroptychaster accrescens Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[47] Meoma ventricosa Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[48] Mespilia globulus Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[49] Metacrinusrotundus Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[50] Odontaster validus Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[51] Ophiocanops fugiens Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[52] Ophiocoma echinata Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[53] Ophioderma brevispinum Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[54] Ophiomyxa flaccida Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[55] Ophionereis reticulata Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[56] Ophiopholis aculeata Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[57] Ophiopsammus maculata Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[58] Ophiothrix oerstedii Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[59] Paracentrotus lividus Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[60] Parastichopus californicus Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[61] Patiriella regularis Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[62] Pentacta pygmaea Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[63] Perknaster fuscus Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[64] Pisaster ochraceus Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[65] Psammechinus miliaris Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[66] Pseudarchaster pareli Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[67] Pseudechinus albocinctus Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[68] Pseudostichopus villosus Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[69] Psychropotes longicauda Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[70] Pteraster tesselatus Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[71] Ptychodera flava Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 27 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[72] Rathbunaster californicus Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[73] Saccoglossus kowalevskii Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 27 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[74] Salmaciella oligopora Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[75] Salmacis belli Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[76] Schizostella bifurcata Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[77] Solaster stimpsonii Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[78] Sphaerechinus granularis Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[79] Stegnaster inflatus Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[80] Stichaster australis Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[81] Stomopneustes variolaris Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[82] Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[83] Temnopleurus alexandri Last Modified in 06/11/14 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[84] Temnotrema sculptum Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[85] Tripneustes gratilla Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[86] Xyloplax janetae Last Modified in 03/27/15 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Project views
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Total project views | 139028 | |
Project overview | 4661 | |
Media views | 71060 | Media search (7851 views); M374901 (1063 views); M374862 (991 views); M374870 (1131 views); M374903 (1034 views); M374868 (1054 views); M374882 (1315 views); M374892 (1058 views); M374898 (1079 views); M374879 (920 views); M374847 (945 views); M374899 (1067 views); M374877 (891 views); M374851 (1104 views); M374848 (1020 views); M374863 (1051 views); M374894 (1045 views); M374849 (1113 views); M374900 (931 views); M374864 (1084 views); M374891 (1337 views); M374872 (1525 views); M374846 (1033 views); M374887 (1000 views); M374852 (1127 views); M374860 (1170 views); M374888 (1052 views); M374853 (1025 views); M374857 (1087 views); M374896 (1256 views); M374886 (1072 views); M374845 (1005 views); M374871 (903 views); M374893 (1054 views); M374881 (897 views); M374876 (1214 views); M374880 (903 views); M374878 (984 views); M374856 (883 views); M374885 (1136 views); M374858 (1307 views); M374884 (1252 views); M374867 (1192 views); M374895 (1110 views); M374902 (1062 views); M374859 (935 views); M374855 (1023 views); M374897 (1093 views); M374874 (1156 views); M374889 (970 views); M374866 (1078 views); M374861 (908 views); M374854 (1038 views); M374850 (1044 views); M374869 (1077 views); M374883 (1016 views); M374873 (1068 views); M374865 (1261 views); M374875 (1104 views); M374890 (956 views); |
Taxon list | 16832 | |
Views for media list | 4391 | |
Specimen list | 38999 | |
Matrix views | 3060 | Matrix landing page (2709 views); Echinoderm phylogeny including Xyloplax (351 views); |
Documents list | 22 | |
Bibliography | 3 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 302 | |
Project downloads | 291 | |
Matrix downloads | 10 | Echinoderm phylogeny including Xyloplax (10 downloads); |
Media downloads | 1 | M374853 (1 download); |