Project 470: E. G. Ekdale, A. Berta, T. A. Deméré. 2011. The Comparative Osteology of the Petrotympanic Complex (Ear Region) of Extant Baleen Whales (Cetacea: Mysticeti). PLOS ONE. 6 (6):e21311.
Abstract
Anatomical comparisons of the ear region of baleen whales (Mysticeti) are provided through detailed osteological descriptions and high-resolution photographs of the petrotympanic complex (tympanic bulla and petrosal bone) of all extant species of mysticete cetaceans. Salient morphological features are illustrated and identified, including overall shape of the bulla, size of the conical process of the bulla, morphology of the promontorium, and the size and shape of the anterior process of the petrosal. We place our comparative osteological observations into a phylogenetic context in order to initiate an exploration into petrotympanic evolution within Mysticeti.
Principal Findings
The morphology of the petrotympanic complex is diagnostic for individual species of baleen whale (e.g., sigmoid and conical processes positioned at midline of bulla in Balaenoptera musculus ; confluence of fenestra cochleae and perilymphatic foramen in Eschrichtius robustus ), and several mysticete clades are united by derived characteristics. Balaenids and neobalaenids share derived features of the bulla, such as a rhomboid shape and a reduced anterior lobe (swelling) in ventral aspect, and eschrichtiids share derived morphologies of the petrosal with balaenopterids, including loss of a medial promontory groove and dorsomedial elongation of the promontorium. Monophyly of Balaenoidea (Balaenidae and Neobalaenidae) and Balaenopteroidea (Balaenopteridae and Eschrichtiidae) was recovered in phylogenetic analyses utilizing data exclusively from the petrotympanic complex.
Significance
This study fills a major gap in our knowledge of the complex structures of the mysticete petrotympanic complex, which is an important anatomical region for the interpretation of the evolutionary history of mammals. In addition, we introduce a novel body of phylogenetically informative characters from the ear region of mysticetes. Our detailed anatomical descriptions, illustrations, and comparisons provide valuable data for current and future studies on the phylogenetic relationships, evolution, and auditory physiology of mysticetes and other cetaceans throughout Earth's history.
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Project DOI: 10.7934/P470, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P470
| This project contains | Matrices |
|---|---|
Download Project SDD File  | Total scored cells: 642 Total media associated with cells: 794 Total labels associated with cell media: 843 |
| Characters | |
| Total characters: 48 Total characters with associated media: 1 Total characters with media with labels: 1 Total character states: 114 Total character states with associated media: 101 Total character states with media with labels:97 Total unordered/ordered characters:48/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 470
MorphoBank Project 470
- Creation Date:
30 March 2009 - Publication Date:
22 June 2011 - Project views: 282931
- Media downloads: 8
- Matrix downloads: 39
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- San Diego State University
- San Diego Natural History Museum
Members
| member name | taxa |
specimens |
media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||||
| Tom Demere Project Administrator | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 12 (12, 0, 0) | 1 | 24 | 24 | 0 | |||||
| Annalisa Berta Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| MorphoBank Curator Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Eric Ekdale Full membership | 1 | 14 | 55 | 39 | 0 | 84 | 554 (554, 0, 0) | 1 | 272 | 665 | 0 | |||||
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M1060' (14 Taxa)
| taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
| [1] † Mammalodon colliveri Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 15 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| [2] † Eomysticetus whitmorei Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 13 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 52 | 56 | 4 |
| [3] Balaenoptera acutorostrata Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 61 | 4 |
| [4] Balaenoptera bonaerensis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 57 | 61 | 4 |
| [5] Balaenoptera borealis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65 | 67 | 4 |
| [6] Balaenoptera edeni Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 55 | 57 | 4 |
| [7] Balaenoptera musculus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 67 | 73 | 4 |
| [8] Balaenoptera omurai Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 6 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 55 | 59 | 4 |
| [9] Balaenoptera physalus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 2 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 64 | 68 | 4 |
| [10] Megaptera novaeangliae Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 1 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 69 | 75 | 4 |
| [11] Eschrichtius robustus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 68 | 70 | 4 |
| [12] Caperea marginata Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 4 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 59 | 59 | 4 |
| [13] Balaena mysticetus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66 | 74 | 4 |
| [14] Eubalaena sp. Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 59 | 63 | 4 |
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Project downloads
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| Total downloads from project | 494 | |
| Matrix downloads | 39 | supermatrix (39 downloads); |
| Document downloads | 13 | Table S1 (1 download); Table S2 (2 downloads); Table S3 (4 downloads); Table S4 (2 downloads); Table S5 (1 download); Table S6 (1 download); Copyright information for exemplar media (2 downloads); |
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| Project downloads | 434 |