Project 108: M. A. O'Leary, J. Gatesy. 2007. Impact of increased character sampling on the phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia): combined analysis including fossils. Cladistics. 24 (4):397-442.
Abstract
The phylogenetic position of Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises) is an important exemplar problem for combined data parsimony analyses because the clade is ancient and includes many well-known and relatively complete fossil species. We combined molecular and morphological data for 71 terminal taxa (43 extinct/28 extant) to test where Cetacea fits within Cetartiodactyla, and where various fossil hoofed mammals (e.g., entelodonts, anthracotheriids, and mesonychians) are positioned. The taxon sample included representatives of most living families of cetaceans, artiodactylans, and perissodactylans, and almost 50% of wholly extinct families of artiodactylans. We scored 635 phenotypic characters (osteology, dentition, soft tissue, behavior), approximately three times the number of characters in the last major analysis of this clade, and combined these with >40,000 molecular characters, including new data from ten genes. The combined analysis supported a topology consistent with the majority of recently published molecular studies. In all most parsimonious trees: Cetacea was the extant sister taxon of Hippopotamidae, followed successively by Ruminantia, Suina and Camelidae. Several extinct taxa were phylogenetically unstable, upsetting resolution of the strict consensus and limiting branch support, but the positions of several key fossils were consistently resolved. The wholly extinct Mesonychia was more closely related to Cetacea than was any artiodactylan. Anthracotheriids were paraphyletic, and, with the exception of one species, were more closely related to Hippopotamidae than to any other living taxon. Taxa classified as triisodontids, entelodonts and helohyids also clustered on the stem lineage of Hippopotamidae. The character partition that could be scored for the fossil taxa (osteological and dental characters) included more informative characters than most molecular partitions in our analysis, and had the fewest missing data by a large margin. The osteological-dental data alone, however, did not support inclusion of cetaceans within crown Artiodactyla. In the context of our combined analysis, recently discovered ankle bones from early fossil whales broadly reinforced the monophyly of Cetartiodactyla but provided no particular evidence of derived similarities between hippopotamids and fossil cetaceans that were not shared with other artiodactylans.Read the article »
Project DOI: 10.7934/P108, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P108
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 29988 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 635 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 1392 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:635/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 108
MorphoBank Project 108
- Creation Date:
03 April 2007 - Publication Date:
03 April 2007 - Project views: 43886
- Matrix downloads: 100
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- University of California Riverside
- American Museum of Natural History
- Stony Brook University
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | media notes | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||||||
Maureen O'Leary Project Administrator | 71 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 635 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29988 (26699, 0, 3289) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Maureen Admin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
MorphoBank Curator Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
John Gatesy Observer | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Seth Kaufman | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M353' (71 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Bos taurus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 21 | 584 | 583 | 0 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[2] Ovis aries Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 28 | 572 | 570 | 0 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[3] Odocoileus virginianus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 44 | 557 | 557 | 0 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[4] Cervus elaphus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 63 | 549 | 549 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[5] Giraffa camelopardalis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 20 | 582 | 579 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[6] Antilocapra americana Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 68 | 533 | 533 | 0 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[7] Moschus moschiferus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 75 | 520 | 517 | 0 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[8] Tragulus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 40 | 554 | 552 | 0 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[9] Tursiops truncatus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 39 | 368 | 368 | 0 | 228 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[10] Monodon monoceros Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 159 | 335 | 334 | 0 | 142 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[11] Inia geoffrensis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 158 | 337 | 336 | 0 | 141 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[12] Pontoporia blainvillei Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 106 | 309 | 308 | 0 | 221 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[13] Kogia breviceps Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 150 | 333 | 333 | 0 | 152 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[14] Ziphius cavirostris Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 145 | 353 | 351 | 0 | 139 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[15] Balaenoptera acutorostrata Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 158 | 327 | 326 | 0 | 151 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[16] Hippopotamus amphibius Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 30 | 561 | 558 | 0 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[17] Choeropsis liberiensis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 42 | 546 | 545 | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[18] Sus scrofa Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 23 | 564 | 561 | 0 | 51 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[19] Babyrousa babyrussa Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 68 | 513 | 512 | 0 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[20] Potamochoerus porcus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 71 | 511 | 509 | 0 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[21] Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 68 | 508 | 504 | 0 | 63 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[22] Tayassu tajacu Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 61 | 528 | 526 | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[23] Camelus dromedarius Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 36 | 559 | 558 | 0 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[24] Lama glama Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 106 | 494 | 494 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[25] Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 154 | 421 | 421 | 0 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[26] Tapirus terrestris Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 55 | 525 | 524 | 0 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[27] Equus caballus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 14 | 576 | 576 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[28] Orycteropus afer Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 78 | 467 | 466 | 0 | 91 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[29] † Hyopsodus Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 167 | 431 | 430 | 0 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[30] † Hyracotherium Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 220 | 379 | 378 | 0 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[31] † Artiocetus clavis Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 312 | 278 | 278 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[32] † Rodhocetus balochistanensis Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 541 | 77 | 77 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[33] † Dorudon atrox Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 151 | 417 | 417 | 0 | 67 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[34] † Basilosaurus Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 241 | 351 | 351 | 0 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[35] † Sinonyx jiashanensis Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 178 | 409 | 408 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[36] † Mesonyx obtusidens Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 195 | 384 | 384 | 0 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[37] † Dissacus praenuntius Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 332 | 260 | 260 | 0 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[38] † Dissacus sp. Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 243 | 372 | 370 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[39] † Harpagolestes orientalis Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 406 | 187 | 187 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[40] † Harpagolestes uintensis Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 319 | 275 | 275 | 0 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[41] † Hapalodectes hetangensis Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 334 | 282 | 282 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[42] † Helohyus plicodon Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 424 | 195 | 192 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[43] † Pakicetidae Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 283 | 311 | 310 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[44] † Ambulocetus natans Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 487 | 126 | 126 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[45] † Gobiohyus orientalis Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 376 | 249 | 249 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[46] † Leptomeryx Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 102 | 504 | 502 | 0 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[47] † Poebrotherium Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 77 | 518 | 518 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[48] † Agriochoerus Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 98 | 503 | 498 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[49] † Merycoidodon sp. Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 85 | 514 | 512 | 0 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[50] † Diacodexis pakistanensis Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 182 | 409 | 409 | 0 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[51] † Diacodexis sp. Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 373 | 244 | 242 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[52] † Perchoerus Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 184 | 420 | 417 | 0 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[53] † Archaeotherium Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 91 | 507 | 505 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[54] † Elomeryx Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 172 | 437 | 434 | 0 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[55] † Microbunodon minimum Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 352 | 260 | 258 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[56] † Merycopotamus dissimilis Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 348 | 273 | 272 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[57] † Xenohyus venitor Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 513 | 117 | 117 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[58] † Cainotherium Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 99 | 504 | 504 | 0 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[59] † Phenacodus Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 204 | 404 | 401 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[60] † Protungulatum Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 490 | 136 | 135 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[61] † Anthracokeryx ulnifer Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 369 | 254 | 254 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[62] † Libycosaurus petrocchii Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 520 | 113 | 113 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[63] † Siamotherium krabiense Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 561 | 71 | 71 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[64] † Brachyhyops wyomingensis Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 437 | 171 | 171 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[65] † Achaenodon uintensis Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 315 | 293 | 293 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[66] † Andrewsarchus mongoliensis Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 467 | 143 | 143 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[67] † Pachyaena ossifraga Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 395 | 240 | 240 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[68] † Protoceras celer Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 255 | 381 | 380 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[69] † Indohyus indirae Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 536 | 99 | 99 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[70] † Eoconodon heilprinianus Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 386 | 249 | 249 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[71] † Bothriogenys Last Modified in 05/02/19 | 271 | 366 | 364 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 43886 | |
Project overview | 4040 | |
Media views | 6238 | Media search (5330 views); M85689 (908 views); |
Specimen list | 3500 | |
Matrix views | 2594 | Matrix landing page (2209 views); Morphology matrix (385 views); |
Taxon list | 23595 | |
Documents list | 1686 | |
Bibliography | 2233 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 769 | |
Matrix downloads | 100 | Morphology matrix (100 downloads); |
Document downloads | 13 | Optimization log (2 downloads); Rooted trees (4 downloads); Supermatrix (7 downloads); |
Project downloads | 656 |