Project 2116: J. C. Lamsdell, D. E. G. Briggs, H. P. Liu, B. J. Witzke, R. M. McKay. 2015. The oldest described eurypterid: a giant Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) megalograptid from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15 (169):1–31.
Abstract
Background: Eurypterids are a diverse group of chelicerates known from ~250 species with a sparse Ordovician record currently comprising 11 species; the oldest fully documented example is from the Sandbian of Avalonia. The Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) fauna of the Winneshiek Lagerstätte includes a new eurypterid species represented by more than 150 specimens, including some juveniles, preserved as carbonaceous cuticular remains. This taxon represents the oldest described eurypterid, extending the documented range of the group back some 9 million years.Results: The new eurypterid species is described as Pentecopterus decorahensis gen. et sp. nov.. Phylogenetic analysis places Pentecopterus at the base of the Megalograptidae, united with the two genera previously assigned to this family by the shared possession of two or more pairs of spines per podomere on prosomal appendage IV, a reduction of all spines except the pair on the penultimate podomere of appendage V, and an ornamentation of guttalate scales, including angular scales along the posterior margin of the dorsal tergites and in longitudinal rows along the tergites. The morphology of Pentecopterus reveals that the Megalograptidae are representatives of the derived carcinosomatoid clade and not basal eurypterids as previously interpreted.
Conclusions: The relatively derived position of megalograptids within the eurypterids indicates that most eurypterid clades were present by the Middle Ordovician. Eurypterids either underwent an explosive radiation soon after their origination, or earlier representatives, perhaps Cambrian in age, remain to be discovered. The available instars of Pentecopterus decorahensis suggest that eurypterids underwent extreme appendage differentiation during development, a potentially unique condition among chelicerates. The high degree of appendage specialization in eurypterids is only matched by arachnids within chelicerates, supporting a sister taxon relationship between them.
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Article DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0443-9
Project DOI: 10.7934/P2116, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P2116
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 8453 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 158 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 366 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:158/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 2116
MorphoBank Project 2116
- Creation Date:
10 February 2015 - Publication Date:
03 September 2015 - Project views: 35638
- Matrix downloads: 22
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- University of Iowa
- Yale University
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
James Lamsdell Project Administrator | 74 | 1 | 1 | 158 | 0 | 0 | 8453 (7751, 0, 702) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M23227' (74 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Weinbergina opitzi Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 8 | 116 | 116 | 0 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[2] Chasmataspis laurencii Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 56 | 86 | 86 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[3] Octoberaspis ushakovi Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 35 | 109 | 109 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[4] Diploaspis casteri Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 51 | 94 | 94 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[5] Loganamaraspis dunlopi Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 59 | 84 | 84 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[6] Brachyopterus stubblefieldi Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 35 | 108 | 108 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[7] Alkenopterus burglahrenisis Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 63 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[8] Rhenopterus diensti Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 4 | 135 | 135 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[9] Parastylonurus ornatus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 4 | 138 | 138 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[10] Laurieipterus elegans Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 62 | 87 | 87 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[11] Kokomopterus longicaudatus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 27 | 118 | 118 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[12] Hardieopterus macrophthalmus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 34 | 110 | 110 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[13] Drepanopterus pentlandicus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 3 | 141 | 140 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[14] Hibbertopterus scouleri Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 21 | 124 | 123 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[15] Megarachne servinei Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 107 | 48 | 47 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[16] Stoermeropterus conicus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 0 | 147 | 146 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[17] Stoermeropterus latus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 36 | 111 | 111 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[18] Stoermeropterus nodosus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 67 | 86 | 86 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[19] Vinetopterus struvei Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 16 | 130 | 130 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[20] Vinetopterus martini Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 46 | 103 | 103 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[21] Moselopterus ancylotelson Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 1 | 142 | 142 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[22] Onychopterella augusti Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 48 | 103 | 103 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[23] Onychopterella kokomoensis Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 10 | 138 | 138 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[24] Dolichopterus macrocheirus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 2 | 148 | 148 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[25] Eurypterus remipes Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 0 | 149 | 149 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[26] Hughmilleria socialis Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 2 | 145 | 145 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[27] Tylopterella boylei Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 86 | 67 | 67 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[28] Echinognathus clevelandi Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 129 | 29 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[29] Megalograptus williamsae Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 144 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[30] Megalograptus welchi Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 137 | 21 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[31] Megalograptus ohioensis Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 0 | 145 | 145 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[32] Pentecopterus decorahensis Last Modified in 03/23/15 | 54 | 97 | 97 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[33] Holmipterus suecicus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 97 | 58 | 58 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[34] Lanarkopterus dolichoschelus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 9 | 142 | 142 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[35] Mixopterus kiaeri Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 6 | 143 | 143 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[36] Mixopterus multispinosus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 24 | 127 | 127 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[37] Strobilopterus laticeps Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 91 | 64 | 64 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[38] Strobilopterus princetonii Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 25 | 127 | 127 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[39] Strobilopterus proteus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 12 | 142 | 142 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[40] Buffalopterus pustulosus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 68 | 83 | 83 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[41] Strobilopterus richardsoni Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 103 | 53 | 53 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[42] Erieopterus microphthalmus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 4 | 143 | 143 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[43] Paraeurypterus anatoliensis Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 89 | 67 | 67 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[44] Pentlandopterus minor Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 78 | 75 | 75 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[45] Dolichopterus jewetti Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 7 | 143 | 143 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[46] Ruedemannipterus stylonuroides Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 93 | 63 | 63 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[47] Clarkeipterus testudineus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 107 | 49 | 49 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[48] Clarkeipterus otisius Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 131 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[49] Erieopterus eriensis Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 35 | 118 | 118 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[50] Eurypterus henkeni Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 27 | 126 | 126 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[51] Eurypterus tetragonophthalmus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 0 | 149 | 149 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[52] Eurypterus leopoldi Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[53] Eurypterus pittsfordensis Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 17 | 135 | 135 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[54] Eurypterus henningsmoeni Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 37 | 116 | 116 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[55] Orcanopterus manitoulinensis Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 25 | 123 | 123 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[56] Pterygotus anglicus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 2 | 134 | 134 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[57] Adelophthalmus sievertsi Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 1 | 136 | 136 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[58] Eurypterus dekayi Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 3 | 147 | 147 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[59] Carcinosoma newlini Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 8 | 140 | 140 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[60] Carcinosoma libertyi Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 60 | 92 | 92 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[61] Rhinocarcinosoma vaningeni Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 63 | 92 | 92 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[62] Eusarcana acrocephala Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 78 | 73 | 73 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[63] Eusarcana scorpionis Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 8 | 138 | 138 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[64] Slimonia acuminata Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 5 | 140 | 140 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[65] Acutiramus bohemicus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 91 | 53 | 53 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[66] Acutiramus macrophthalmus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 3 | 133 | 133 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[67] Erettopterus bilobus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 5 | 133 | 133 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[68] Erettopterus osiliensis Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 15 | 123 | 123 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[69] Erettopterus serricaudatus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 125 | 31 | 31 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[70] Erettopterus waylandsmithi Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 113 | 39 | 39 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[71] Jaekelopterus rhenaniae Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 27 | 109 | 109 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[72] Jaekelopterus howelli Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 87 | 65 | 65 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[73] Ciurcopterus ventricosus Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 34 | 114 | 114 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[74] Nanahughmilleria norvegica Last Modified in 02/10/15 | 6 | 146 | 146 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 35638 | |
Project overview | 5049 | |
Media views | 5733 | Media search (4946 views); M395245 (787 views); |
Matrix views | 2546 | Matrix landing page (2187 views); Winneshiek Eurypterid Analysis (359 views); |
Bibliography | 1192 | |
Specimen list | 2700 | |
Taxon list | 18414 | |
Documents list | 4 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 356 | |
Project downloads | 334 | |
Matrix downloads | 22 | Winneshiek Eurypterid Analysis (22 downloads); |