Project 2124: E. Tschopp, O. Mateus, R. B. Benson. 2015. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ. 3:e857.
Abstract
Diplodocidae are among the best known sauropod dinosaurs. Several species were described in the late 1800s or early 1900s from the Morrison Formation of North America. Since then, numerous additional specimens were recovered in the USA, Tanzania, Portugal, and Argentina, as well as possibly Spain, England, Georgia, Zimbabwe, and Asia. To date, the clade includes about 12 to 15 nominal species, some of them with questionable taxonomic status (e.g. 'Diplodocus' hayi or Dyslocosaurus polyonychius), and ranging in age from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. However, intrageneric relationships of the iconic, multi-species genera Apatosaurus and Diplodocus are still poorly known. The way to resolve this issue is a specimen-based phylogenetic analysis, which has been previously implemented for Apatosaurus, but is here performed for the first time for the entire clade of Diplodocidae. The analysis includes 81 operational taxonomic units, 49 of which belong to Diplodocidae. The set of OTUs includes all name-bearing type specimens previously proposed to belong to Diplodocidae, alongside a set of relatively complete referred specimens, that increase the amount of anatomically overlapping material. Non-diplodocid outgroups were selected to test the affinities of potential diplodocid specimens that have subsequently been suggested to belong outside the clade. The specimens were scored for 477 morphological characters, representing one of the most extensive phylogenetic analyses of sauropod dinosaurs. Character states were figured and tables given in the case of numerical characters. The resulting cladogram recovers the classical arrangement of diplodocid relationships. Two numerical approaches were used to increase reproducibility in our taxonomic delimitation of species and genera. This resulted in the proposal that some species previously included in well-known genera like Apatosaurus and Diplodocus are generically distinct. Of particular note is that the famous genus Brontosaurus is considered valid by our quantitative approach. Furthermore, “Diplodocus” hayi represents a unique genus, which will herein be called Galeamopus gen. nov. On the other hand, these numerical approaches imply synonymization of “Dinheirosaurus” from the Late Jurassic of Portugal with the Morrison Formation genus Supersaurus. Our use of a specimen-, rather than species-based approach increases knowledge of intraspecific and intrageneric variation in diplodocids, and the study demonstrates how specimen-based phylogenetic analysis is a valuable tool in sauropod taxonomy, and potentially in paleontology and taxonomy as a whole.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.7717/peerj.857
Project DOI: 10.7934/P2124, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P2124
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 13458 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 477 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 1024 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:477/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 2124
MorphoBank Project 2124
- Creation Date:
02 March 2015 - Publication Date:
07 April 2015 - Project views: 206681
- Media downloads: 4
- Matrix downloads: 29
Authors' Institutions
- University of Oxford
- Università degli Studi di Torino (University of Turin)
- American Museum of Natural History
- Museu da Lourinha
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | media notes | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||||||||||
Emanuel Tschopp Project Administrator | 48 | 64 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Maureen Admin Full membership | 12 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
MorphoBank Curator Full membership | 0 | 7 | 134 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
MorphoBank Curator | 70 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 477 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13458 (13458, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Seth Kaufman | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Octávio Mateus Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M26939' (81 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] † Shunosaurus lii Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 109 | 368 | 368 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[2] † Spinophorosaurus nigerensis Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 185 | 292 | 292 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[3] Omeisaurus Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 94 | 383 | 383 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[4] Mamenchisaurus Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 103 | 374 | 374 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[5] † Jobaria tiguidensis Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 130 | 347 | 347 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[6] Turiasaurus riodevensis Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 302 | 175 | 175 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[7] Losillasaurus giganteus type Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 288 | 189 | 189 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[8] † Camarasaurus Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 17 | 460 | 460 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[9] Amphicoelias latus amnh 5765 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 447 | 30 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[10] Apatosaurus grandis ypm 1901 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 298 | 179 | 179 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[11] Dystrophaeus viaemalae usnm 2364 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 457 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[12] Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis lectotype Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 341 | 136 | 136 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[13] † Giraffatitan brancai Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 57 | 420 | 420 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[14] SMA 0009 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 278 | 199 | 199 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[15] Brachiosaurus altithorax Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 310 | 167 | 167 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[16] Australodocus bohetii type Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 438 | 39 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[17] Ligabuesaurus leanzai Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 341 | 136 | 136 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[18] Isisaurus colberti Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 290 | 187 | 187 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[19] Haplocanthosaurus priscus Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 253 | 224 | 224 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[20] † Limaysaurus tessonei Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 185 | 292 | 292 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[21] Cathartesaura anaerobica Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 379 | 98 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[22] Zapalasaurus bonapartei Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 395 | 82 | 82 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[23] † Nigersaurus taqueti Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 188 | 289 | 289 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[24] † Demandasaurus darwini Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 322 | 155 | 155 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[25] Amphicoelias altus amnh 5764 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 418 | 59 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[26] † Dicraeosaurus hansemanni Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 80 | 397 | 397 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[27] Brachytrachelopan mesai Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 356 | 121 | 121 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[28] † Amargasaurus cazaui Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 242 | 235 | 235 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[29] Suuwassea emilieae ans 21122 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 244 | 233 | 233 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[30] Apatosaurus ajax ypm 1860 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 244 | 233 | 233 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[31] Apatosaurus laticollis ypm 1861 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 442 | 35 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[32] Brontosaurus excelsus ypm 1980 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 226 | 251 | 251 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[33] Brontosaurus amplus ypm 1981 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 403 | 74 | 74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[34] Apatosaurus louisae type Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 54 | 423 | 423 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[35] Atlantosaurus immanis ypm 1840 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 403 | 74 | 74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[36] Elosaurus parvus cm 566 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 381 | 96 | 96 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[37] UW 15556 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 231 | 246 | 246 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[38] Apatosaurus minimus amnh 675 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 450 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[39] Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin tate-001 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 290 | 187 | 187 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[40] NSMT-PV 20375 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 179 | 298 | 298 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[41] LACM 52844 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 405 | 72 | 72 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[42] AMNH 460 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 320 | 157 | 157 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[43] CM 3378 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 411 | 66 | 66 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[44] FMNH p25112 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 323 | 154 | 154 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[45] ML 418 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 436 | 41 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[46] SMA 0087 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 317 | 160 | 160 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[47] Supersaurus vivianae byu Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 301 | 176 | 176 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[48] WDC dmj-021 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 322 | 155 | 155 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[49] † Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 376 | 101 | 101 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[50] Kaatedocus siberi sma 0004 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 286 | 191 | 191 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[51] Tornieria africana holotype Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 411 | 66 | 66 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[52] MBR skeleton k Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 359 | 118 | 118 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[53] Diplodocus longus ypm 1920 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 458 | 19 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[54] Diplodocus lacustris ypm 1922 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 469 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[55] Diplodocus carnegii cm 84 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 238 | 239 | 239 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[56] Diplodocus carnegii cm 94 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 227 | 250 | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[57] AMNH 223 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 332 | 145 | 145 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[58] USNM 10865 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 280 | 197 | 197 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[59] DMNS 1494 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 303 | 174 | 174 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[60] AMNH 969 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 366 | 111 | 111 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[61] CM 11161 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 358 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[62] CM 3452 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 308 | 169 | 169 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[63] USNM 2672 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 365 | 112 | 112 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[64] WDC-FS001A Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 395 | 82 | 82 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[65] Galeamopus hayi hmns 175 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 236 | 241 | 241 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[66] SMA 0011 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 130 | 347 | 347 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[67] Seismosaurus hallorum nmmnh 3690 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 347 | 130 | 130 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[68] Barosaurus lentus ypm 429 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 289 | 188 | 188 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[69] Barosaurus affinis ypm 419 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 469 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[70] AMNH 6341 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 221 | 256 | 256 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[71] AMNH 7530 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 346 | 131 | 131 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[72] CM 11984 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 371 | 106 | 106 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[73] AMNH 7535 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 409 | 68 | 68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[74] Cetiosauriscus stewarti nhmuk r3078 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 351 | 126 | 126 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[75] Dyslocosaurus polyonychius ac 663 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 442 | 35 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[76] SMA o25-8 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 425 | 52 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[77] SMA d16-3 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 434 | 43 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[78] CM 11255 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 394 | 83 | 83 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[79] USNM 2673 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 382 | 95 | 95 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[80] BYU 1252-18531 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 258 | 219 | 219 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[81] Leinkupal laticauda mmch-pv 63-1 Last Modified in 09/18/20 | 459 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 206681 | |
Project overview | 5688 | |
Matrix views | 3100 | Matrix landing page (2724 views); (261 views); Matrix from Tschopp et al. (2015) modified by MorphoBank curators to make the characters parse correctly (115 views); |
Taxon list | 23125 | |
Specimen list | 70444 | |
Media views | 90275 | Media search (7225 views); M376762 (801 views); M376803 (2 views); M376776 (757 views); M376801 (1 view); M376802 (1 view); M376796 (740 views); M376799 (1 view); M376781 (740 views); M376804 (2 views); M376805 (1 view); M376786 (782 views); M376807 (2 views); M376797 (692 views); M376790 (766 views); M376793 (695 views); M376795 (696 views); M376782 (800 views); M376777 (748 views); M376806 (2 views); M376778 (724 views); M376789 (742 views); M376788 (748 views); M376791 (739 views); M376794 (793 views); M376787 (740 views); M376785 (730 views); M376780 (740 views); M376784 (765 views); M376783 (747 views); M376779 (771 views); M376800 (2 views); M376798 (1 view); M376792 (748 views); M377342 (760 views); M377334 (1 view); M377330 (725 views); M377328 (883 views); M377322 (754 views); M377321 (723 views); M377339 (1 view); M377336 (1 view); M377333 (1 view); M377316 (1 view); M377327 (731 views); M377331 (729 views); M377317 (1 view); M377326 (769 views); M377318 (718 views); M377332 (1 view); M377337 (1 view); M377343 (722 views); M377329 (694 views); M377315 (1 view); M377344 (659 views); M377335 (1 view); M377338 (1 view); M377319 (733 views); M377323 (722 views); M377341 (1 view); M377325 (713 views); M377340 (1 view); M377324 (870 views); M377320 (732 views); M377808 (653 views); M377794 (673 views); M377809 (652 views); M377796 (674 views); M377793 (682 views); M377798 (810 views); M377806 (649 views); M377804 (658 views); M377799 (653 views); M377805 (683 views); M377802 (667 views); M377792 (698 views); M377795 (704 views); M377803 (625 views); M377791 (666 views); M377801 (643 views); M377807 (680 views); M377800 (656 views); M377901 (695 views); M377902 (651 views); M377903 (641 views); M377904 (699 views); M377905 (625 views); M377906 (646 views); M377907 (609 views); M377908 (676 views); M377909 (703 views); M377910 (623 views); M377911 (652 views); M377912 (617 views); M377913 (699 views); M377914 (651 views); M377915 (752 views); M377917 (642 views); M377918 (686 views); M377919 (645 views); M377920 (672 views); M377921 (661 views); M377922 (651 views); M377923 (660 views); M377924 (633 views); M377925 (650 views); M377926 (813 views); M377927 (654 views); M377928 (684 views); M377929 (607 views); M377897 (651 views); M377888 (723 views); M377890 (660 views); M377887 (646 views); M377886 (650 views); M377889 (696 views); M377891 (676 views); M377896 (679 views); M377894 (684 views); M377893 (648 views); M377885 (644 views); M377892 (679 views); M377895 (634 views); M377797 (699 views); M377944 (379 views); M377935 (384 views); M377941 (395 views); M377933 (426 views); M377940 (403 views); M377943 (456 views); M377937 (509 views); M377931 (368 views); M377930 (441 views); M377938 (381 views); M377942 (365 views); M377936 (375 views); M377934 (375 views); M377932 (359 views); M377939 (382 views); M379854 (413 views); M379856 (380 views); M379857 (388 views); M379858 (364 views); M379859 (341 views); M379860 (353 views); M379861 (350 views); M379862 (442 views); M379863 (332 views); M379855 (353 views); M379864 (404 views); M379865 (364 views); M379866 (371 views); M379869 (399 views); M379870 (359 views); M379871 (430 views); M379872 (346 views); M379873 (330 views); M379877 (372 views); |
Views for media list | 10525 | |
Documents list | 2192 | |
Bibliography | 1332 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 390 | |
Matrix downloads | 29 | (28 downloads); Matrix from Tschopp et al. (2015) modified by MorphoBank curators to make the characters parse correctly (1 download); |
Document downloads | 3 | Figure Captions (3 downloads); |
Project downloads | 354 | |
Media downloads | 4 | M377804 (1 download); M377805 (1 download); M376780 (1 download); M376762 (1 download); |