Project 2189: Allison Y. Hsiang, Daniel J. Field, Timothy H. Webster, Adam D. B. Behlke, Matthew B. Davis, Rachel A. Racicot, Jacques A. Gauthier. 2015. The origin of snakes: revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary history of early snakes using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15 (87).
Abstract
The highly derived morphology and astounding diversity of snakes has long inspired debate regarding the ecological and evolutionary origin of both the snake total-group (Pan-Serpentes) and crown snakes (Serpentes). Although speculation abounds on the ecology, behavior, and provenance of the earliest snakes, a rigorous, clade-wide analysis of snake origins has yet to be attempted, in part due to a dearth of adequate paleontological data on early stem snakes. Here, we present the first comprehensive analytical reconstruction of the ancestor of crown snakes and the ancestor of the snake total-group, as inferred using multiple methods of ancestral state reconstruction. We use a combined-data approach that includes new information from the fossil record on extinct crown snakes, new data on the anatomy of the stem snakes Najash rionegrina, Dinilysia patagonica, and Coniophis precedens, and a deeper understanding of the distribution of phenotypic apomorphies among the major clades of fossil and Recent snakes. Additionally, we infer time-calibrated phylogenies using both new ‘tip-dating’ and traditional node-based approaches, providing new insights on temporal patterns in the early evolutionary history of snakes.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0358-5
Project DOI: 10.7934/P2189, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P2189
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 33788 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 777 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 1974 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:558/219 |
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MorphoBank Project 2189
MorphoBank Project 2189
- Creation Date:
04 June 2015 - Publication Date:
12 June 2015 - Project views: 37941
- Matrix downloads: 22
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
- Yale University
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
MorphoBank Curator Project Administrator | 74 | 2 | 2 | 777 | 0 | 0 | 33788 (33788, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Maureen Admin Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Allison Hsiang Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M23369' (73 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Shinisaurus crocodilurus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 147 | 630 | 630 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[2] Xenosaurus platyceps Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 217 | 560 | 560 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[3] Xenosaurus grandis Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 149 | 631 | 628 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[4] Pseudopus apodus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 188 | 591 | 589 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[5] † Peltosaurus granulosus Last Modified in 06/12/15 | 306 | 472 | 471 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[6] † Helodermoides tuberculatus Last Modified in 06/12/15 | 407 | 371 | 370 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[7] Celestus enneagrammus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 156 | 623 | 621 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[8] Elgaria multicarinata Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 130 | 649 | 647 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[9] † Proplatynotia longirostrata Last Modified in 06/12/15 | 495 | 282 | 281 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[10] † Gobiderma pulchrum Last Modified in 06/12/15 | 355 | 422 | 422 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[11] Heloderma horridum Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 161 | 616 | 616 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[12] Heloderma suspectum Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 165 | 616 | 612 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[13] Lanthanotus borneensis Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 161 | 616 | 616 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[14] † Saniwa Last Modified in 06/12/15 | 318 | 459 | 459 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[15] Varanus salvator Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 164 | 616 | 613 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[16] Varanus acanthurus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 157 | 621 | 620 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[17] Varanus exanthematicus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 158 | 621 | 619 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[18] † Coniophis precedens Last Modified in 06/12/15 | 683 | 94 | 94 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[19] † Najash rionegrina Last Modified in 06/12/15 | 600 | 177 | 177 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[20] † Dinilysia patagonica Last Modified in 06/12/15 | 369 | 408 | 408 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[21] Rena dulcis Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 325 | 455 | 452 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[22] Typhlops jamaicensis Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 396 | 383 | 381 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[23] Liotyphlops albirostris Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 396 | 383 | 381 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[24] Typhlophis squamosus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 422 | 356 | 355 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[25] † Sanajeh indicus Last Modified in 06/12/15 | 698 | 79 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[26] † Wonambi naracoortensis Last Modified in 06/12/15 | 576 | 201 | 201 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[27] † Yurlunggur camfieldensis Last Modified in 06/12/15 | 547 | 230 | 230 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[28] Anilius scytale Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 261 | 518 | 516 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[29] Cylindrophis ruffus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 237 | 541 | 540 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[30] Anomochilus leonardi Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 314 | 463 | 463 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[31] Uropeltis melanogaster Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 321 | 457 | 456 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[32] † Haasiophis terrasanctus Last Modified in 06/12/15 | 478 | 300 | 299 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[33] † Eupodophis descouensis Last Modified in 06/12/15 | 608 | 170 | 169 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[34] † Pachyrhachis problematicus Last Modified in 06/12/15 | 556 | 222 | 221 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[35] Xenopeltis unicolor Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 261 | 517 | 516 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[36] Loxocemus bicolor Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 232 | 546 | 545 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[37] Casarea dussumieri Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 266 | 511 | 511 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[38] Xenophidion acanthognathus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 289 | 488 | 488 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[39] Exiliboa placata Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 295 | 484 | 482 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[40] Ungaliophis continentalis Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 293 | 488 | 484 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[41] Lichanura trivirgata Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 277 | 502 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[42] Calabaria reinhardtii Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 265 | 512 | 512 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[43] Eryx colubrinus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 258 | 521 | 519 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[44] Epicrates striatus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 255 | 526 | 522 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[45] Boa constrictor Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 249 | 535 | 528 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[46] Aspidites melanocephalus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 268 | 513 | 509 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[47] Python molurus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 246 | 536 | 531 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[48] Trachyboa boulengeri Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 275 | 503 | 502 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[49] Tropidophis haetianus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 247 | 534 | 530 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[50] † Kataria anisodonta Last Modified in 06/12/15 | 592 | 185 | 185 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[51] Xenodermus javanicus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 271 | 508 | 506 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[52] Acrochordus granulatus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 294 | 484 | 483 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[53] Pareas hamptoni Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 303 | 475 | 474 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[54] Lycophidion capense Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 302 | 475 | 475 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[55] Aparallactus werneri Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 290 | 489 | 487 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[56] Atractaspis irregularis Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 359 | 420 | 418 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[57] Azemiops feae Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 315 | 464 | 462 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[58] Causus rhombeatus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 329 | 451 | 448 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[59] Daboia russelli Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 316 | 464 | 461 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[60] Bothrops asper Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 313 | 467 | 464 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[61] Agkistrodon contortrix Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 303 | 478 | 474 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[62] Lachesis muta Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 314 | 467 | 463 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[63] Micrurus fulvius Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 299 | 481 | 478 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[64] Naja naja Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 285 | 495 | 492 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[65] Laticauda colubrina Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 311 | 468 | 466 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[66] Notechis scutatus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 298 | 480 | 479 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[67] Natrix natrix Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 282 | 497 | 495 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[68] Thamnophis marcianus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 277 | 502 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[69] Amphiesma stolata Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 280 | 498 | 497 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[70] Afronatrix anoscopus Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 299 | 479 | 478 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[71] Xenochrophis piscator Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 283 | 495 | 494 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[72] Lampropeltis getula Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 276 | 505 | 501 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[73] Coluber constrictor Last Modified in 06/04/15 | 269 | 512 | 508 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 37941 | |
Project overview | 4133 | |
Matrix views | 2557 | Matrix landing page (2140 views); The origin of snakes: revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary history of early snakes using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record (417 views); |
Media views | 7026 | Media search (5389 views); M378118 (835 views); M378117 (802 views); |
Bibliography | 1194 | |
Specimen list | 3366 | |
Taxon list | 19663 | |
Documents list | 2 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 459 | |
Matrix downloads | 22 | The origin of snakes: revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary history of early snakes using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record (22 downloads); |
Project downloads | 437 |