Project 2734: K.M. Claeson, B.L. Sidlauskas, R. Troll, Z.M. Prescott, E.B. Davis. 2024. From sabers to spikes: a newfangled reconstruction of the ancient, giant, sexually dimorphic Pacific salmon, †Oncorhynchus rastrosus (SALMONINAE: SALMONINI). PLOS ONE. (In Press)
Abstract
The impressive †Oncorhynchus rastrosus of the Pacific Northwest’s Miocene and Pliocene eras was the largest salmonid ever to live. It sported a hypertrophied premaxilla with a pair of enlarged teeth which the original describers reconstructed as projecting ventrally into the mouth, leading them to assign the species to “Smilodonichthys,” a genus now in synonymy. Through CT reconstruction of the holotype and newly collected specimens, we demonstrate that the famed teeth projected laterally like tusks, not ventrally like sabers or fangs. We also expand the original description to characterize sexual dimorphism in mature, breeding individuals. Male and female †Oncorhynchus rastrosus differ in the form of the vomer, rostro-dermethmoid-supraethmoid, and dentary, much as do other extant species of Oncorhynchus. Male specimens possess a more elongate vomer than do females, and female vomers have concave ventral surfaces and prominent median dorsal keels. The dentary of females has no evidence of a kype, though some specimens of †O. rastrosus have a non-uniform density distal to the tooth bed, which we interpret as a male kype. Unlike extant Oncorhynchus, male and female †O. rastrosus do not differ in premaxilla shape. Because male and females possess hypertrophied premaxillae and lateral premaxillary spikes, the former common name “Sabertoothed Salmon” no longer reflects our understanding of the species’ morphology. Accordingly, we redub †O. rastrosus the Spike-Toothed Salmon and postulate that its spikes were multifunctional, serving as defense against predators, in agonism against conspecifics, and as a practical aid to nest construction.Read the article »
Project DOI: 10.7934/P2734, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P2734
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 4457 Total media associated with cells: 2 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 119 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 251 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:119/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 2734
MorphoBank Project 2734
- Creation Date:
25 August 2017 - Publication Date:
21 March 2024 - Project views: 2408
- Matrix downloads: 2
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
- Oregon State University
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||||||
Kerin Claeson Project Administrator | 41 | 3 | 22 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4457 (4456, 0, 1) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Zabrina Prescott Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Alfonsina Ramon Full membership | 0 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Brian Sidlauskas Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M24795' (41 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Novumbra Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 8 | 111 | 111 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[2] Thaleichthys Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 2 | 117 | 117 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[3] Chanos Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 7 | 112 | 112 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[4] Prosopium Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[5] Coregonus Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[6] Stenodus Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[7] Thymallus Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 2 | 117 | 117 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[8] Eosalmo Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 41 | 78 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[9] Brachymystax Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[10] Acantholingua Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 1 | 118 | 118 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[11] Salmothymus Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 1 | 118 | 118 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[12] Platysalmo Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[13] Hucho hucho Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[14] Hucho perryi Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[15] Salvelinus larsoni Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 28 | 91 | 91 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[16] Salvelinus malma Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[17] Salvelinus alpinus Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[18] Salvelinus namaycush Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[19] Salvelinus fontinalis Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 1 | 118 | 118 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[20] Salvelinus confluentus Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[21] Salvelinus leucomaenis Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[22] Salmo trutta Last Modified in 03/07/23 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[23] Salmo salar Last Modified in 03/07/23 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[24] O. chrysogaster Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 1 | 118 | 118 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[25] O. clarki Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[26] O. gilae Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 1 | 118 | 118 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[27] O. apache Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[28] O. lacustris Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 28 | 91 | 91 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[29] O. mykiss Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[30] O. m. aguabonita Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[31] O. m. (redband) Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[32] O. masou Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[33] O. kisutch Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[34] O. tshawytscha Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[35] Oncorhynchus keta Last Modified in 01/15/24 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[36] Oncorhynchus nerka Last Modified in 01/15/24 | 0 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[37] O. gorbuscha Last Modified in 08/25/17 | 2 | 117 | 117 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[38] † Oncorhynchus rastrosus Last Modified in 01/15/24 | 31 | 87 | 85 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
[39] † Oncorhynchus ketopsis Last Modified in 01/15/24 | 91 | 28 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[40] † Oncorhynchus salax Last Modified in 01/15/24 | 83 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[41] † Oncorhynchus rastellus Last Modified in 01/15/24 | 94 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 2408 | |
Project overview | 119 | |
Bibliography | 46 | |
Taxon list | 302 | |
Matrix views | 63 | Matrix landing page (58 views); Stearly Smith 1993 matrix (5 views); |
Specimen list | 159 | |
Media views | 1453 | Media search (188 views); M902623 (27 views); M692906 (28 views); M851953 (29 views); M692904 (29 views); M902617 (28 views); M902633 (28 views); M693366 (28 views); M692908 (29 views); M693369 (27 views); M900601 (28 views); M692895 (30 views); M902620 (29 views); M692900 (32 views); M902621 (26 views); M902632 (28 views); M692909 (29 views); M902615 (28 views); M692899 (31 views); M902636 (34 views); M692897 (30 views); M902619 (27 views); M902624 (30 views); M900602 (30 views); M692905 (29 views); M902614 (29 views); M902635 (30 views); M693363 (27 views); M692902 (28 views); M693368 (28 views); M902616 (26 views); M902630 (27 views); M692898 (29 views); M902631 (29 views); M692901 (31 views); M693365 (27 views); M692665 (34 views); M693367 (30 views); M692907 (31 views); M902634 (29 views); M902618 (29 views); M692896 (30 views); M693364 (25 views); M692903 (27 views); M902622 (25 views); |
Views for media list | 262 | |
Documents list | 4 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 3 | |
Document downloads | 1 | Characters and states (1 download); |
Matrix downloads | 2 | Stearly Smith 1993 matrix (2 downloads); |