Project 3253: G. F. Gunnell, D. M. Boyer, A. R. Friscia, S. Heritage, F. K. Manthi, E. R. Miller, H. M. Sallam, N. B. Simmons, N. J. Stevens, E. R. Seiffert. 2018. Fossil lemurs from Egypt and Kenya suggest an African origin for Madagascar’s aye-aye. Nature Communications. 9 (1):null.
Abstract
In 1967 G.G. Simpson described three partial mandibles from early Miocene deposits in Kenya that he interpreted as belonging to a new strepsirrhine primate, Propotto. This interpretation was quickly challenged, with the assertion that Propotto was not a primate, but rather a pteropodid fruit bat. The latter interpretation has not been questioned for almost half a century. Here we re-evaluate the affinities of Propotto, drawing upon diverse lines of evidence to establish that this strange mammal is a strepsirrhine primate as originally suggested by Simpson. Moreover, our phylogenetic analyses support the recognition of Propotto, together with late Eocene Plesiopithecus from Egypt, as African stem chiromyiform lemurs that are exclusively related to the extant aye-aye (Daubentonia) from Madagascar. Our results challenge the long-held view that all lemurs are descended from a single ancient colonization of Madagascar, and present an intriguing alternative scenario in which two lemur lineages dispersed from Africa to Madagascar independently, possibly during the later Cenozoic.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05648-w
Project DOI: 10.7934/P3253, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P3253
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 25607 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 394 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 1537 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:114/280 |
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MorphoBank Project 3253
MorphoBank Project 3253
- Creation Date:
22 August 2018 - Publication Date:
23 August 2018 - Project views: 21178
- Matrix downloads: 7
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi
- Duke University
- Ohio University
- University of California Los Angeles
- University of Southern California
- Wake Forest University
- American Museum of Natural History
- Mansoura University
- Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
- Stony Brook University
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | media notes | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
MorphoBank Curator Project Administrator | 125 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 394 | 0 | 0 | 25607 (24737, 0, 870) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
MorphoBank Curator Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Steven Heritage Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Erik Seiffert Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M25595' (125 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Allenopithecus nigroviridis Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 22 | 357 | 356 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[2] Alouatta seniculus Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 7 | 393 | 376 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[3] Aotus trivirgatus Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 2 | 392 | 378 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[4] Arctocebus calabarensis Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 15 | 369 | 363 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[5] Cheirogaleus major Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 5 | 391 | 378 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[6] Daubentonia madagascariensis Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 27 | 310 | 300 | 0 | 67 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[7] Galago demidoff Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 3 | 397 | 383 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[8] Galago moholi Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 10 | 388 | 376 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[9] Galeopterus variegatus Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 4 | 362 | 360 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[10] Lemur catta Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 2 | 395 | 384 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[11] Leontopithecus rosalia Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 14 | 357 | 354 | 0 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[12] Lepilemur spp. Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 18 | 372 | 358 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[13] Loris tardigradus Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 8 | 385 | 373 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[14] Microcebus murinus Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 8 | 386 | 374 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[15] Nycticebus coucang Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 3 | 383 | 374 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[16] Otolemur crassicaudatus Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 9 | 384 | 376 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[17] Pan troglodytes Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 4 | 384 | 375 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[18] Perodicticus potto Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 9 | 388 | 374 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[19] Propithecus spp. Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 8 | 377 | 368 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[20] Saimiri sciureus Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 4 | 391 | 379 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[21] Tarsius bancanus Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 4 | 397 | 382 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[22] Tupaia glis Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 1 | 397 | 388 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[23] Varecia variegata Last Modified in 08/22/18 | 10 | 386 | 376 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[24] † Absarokius sp. Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 179 | 214 | 212 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[25] † Abuqatrania basiodontos Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 323 | 72 | 71 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[26] † Adapis parisiensis Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 43 | 356 | 346 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[27] † Aegyptopithecus zeuxis Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 79 | 309 | 302 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[28] † Afradapis longicristatus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 204 | 183 | 179 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[29] † Aframonius dieides Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 228 | 168 | 160 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[30] † Afrasia djijidae Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 343 | 51 | 49 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[31] † Afrotarsius spp. Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 316 | 77 | 77 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[32] † Algeripithecus minutus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 265 | 123 | 120 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[33] † Altanius orlovi Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 258 | 134 | 134 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[34] † Amphipithecus mogaungensis Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 297 | 94 | 93 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[35] † Anchomomys frontanyensispc Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 204 | 197 | 185 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[36] † Anchomomys gaillardi Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 316 | 73 | 73 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[37] † Anchomomys milleri Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 315 | 71 | 71 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[38] † Apidium moustafai Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 244 | 152 | 146 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[39] † Apidium phiomense Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 103 | 296 | 287 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[40] † Arapahovius gazini Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 174 | 221 | 218 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[41] † Arsinoea kallimos Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 259 | 131 | 131 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[42] † Asiadapis cambayensis Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 186 | 209 | 207 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[43] † Azibius trerki Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 262 | 127 | 124 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[44] † Bahinia banyueae Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 310 | 82 | 81 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[45] † Bahinia pondaungensis Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 244 | 146 | 145 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[46] † Biretia fayumensis Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 272 | 123 | 119 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[47] † Biretia megalopsis Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 259 | 138 | 133 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[48] † Branisella boliviana Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 243 | 146 | 144 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[49] † Bugtilemur mathesoni Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 293 | 98 | 98 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[50] † Caenopithecus lemuroides Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 213 | 180 | 177 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[51] † Cantius abditus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 133 | 267 | 260 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[52] † Cantius ralstoni Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 221 | 176 | 170 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[53] † Carpolestes simpsoni Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 47 | 327 | 324 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[54] † Catopithecus browni Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 115 | 280 | 270 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[55] † Darwinius masillae Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 287 | 102 | 102 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[56] † Djebelemur martinezi Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 225 | 162 | 159 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[57] † Dolichocebus gaimanensis Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 204 | 185 | 185 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[58] † Donrussellia provincialis Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 251 | 142 | 140 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[59] † Dyseolemur pacificus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 230 | 162 | 162 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[60] † Eosimias centennicus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 235 | 157 | 156 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[61] † Europolemur dunaifi Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 291 | 105 | 102 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[62] † Europolemur klatti Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 197 | 190 | 189 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[63] † Ganlea megacanina Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 289 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[64] † Gatanthropus micros Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 287 | 104 | 102 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[65] † Hemiacodon gracilis Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 143 | 251 | 249 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[66] † Hoanghonius stehlini Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 235 | 161 | 155 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[67] † Karanisia clarki Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 259 | 130 | 130 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[68] † Komba spp. Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 222 | 167 | 166 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[69] † Laomaki yunnanensis Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 279 | 110 | 110 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[70] † Leptadapis magnus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 82 | 316 | 307 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[71] † Leptadapis priscus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 326 | 64 | 64 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[72] † Leptadapis ruetimeyeri Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 257 | 135 | 134 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[73] † Loveina zephryi Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 269 | 125 | 123 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[74] † Macrotarsius montanus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 315 | 80 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[75] † Mahgarita stevensi Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 213 | 175 | 174 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[76] † Marcgodinotius indicus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 209 | 191 | 184 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[77] † Masradapis tahai Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 258 | 129 | 127 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[78] † Mazateronodon endemicus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 263 | 124 | 124 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[79] † Mescalerolemur horneri Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 273 | 115 | 115 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[80] † Microadapis sciureus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 285 | 102 | 102 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[81] † Microchoerus erinaceus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 173 | 215 | 213 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[82] † Muangthanhinius siami Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 318 | 74 | 73 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[83] † Myanmarpithecus yarshensis Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 292 | 98 | 98 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[84] † Nannopithex abderhaldeni Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 188 | 193 | 193 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[85] † Nannopithex raabi Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 224 | 159 | 159 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[86] † Necrolemur spp. Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 96 | 296 | 290 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[87] † Nievesia sossisensis Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 284 | 108 | 106 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[88] † Nosmips aenigmaticus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 286 | 101 | 101 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[89] † Nycticeboides simpsoni Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 248 | 138 | 138 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[90] † Oligopithecus rogeri Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 270 | 122 | 122 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[91] † Oligopithecus savagei Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 286 | 103 | 103 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[92] † Omomys sp. Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 134 | 267 | 258 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[93] † Parapithecus fraasi Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 297 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[94] † Parapithecus grangeri Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 152 | 235 | 226 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[95] † Phenacopithecus xueshii Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 307 | 85 | 84 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[96] † Plesiadapis tricuspidens Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 41 | 337 | 336 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[97] † Plesiolestes problematicus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 237 | 156 | 155 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[98] † Plesiopithecus teras new Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 220 | 166 | 163 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[99] † Pondaungia cotteri Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 241 | 152 | 150 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[100] † Pronycticebus gaudryi Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 199 | 192 | 191 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[101] † Propliopithecus chirobates Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 194 | 195 | 191 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[102] † Propotto leakeyi Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 294 | 93 | 92 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[103] † Proteopithecus sylviae Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 86 | 314 | 305 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[104] † Protoadapis curvicuspidens Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 275 | 116 | 114 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[105] † Pseudoloris parvulus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 236 | 153 | 152 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[106] † Ptilocercus kylin Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 292 | 103 | 101 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[107] † Purgatorius unio Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 216 | 179 | 175 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[108] † Qatrania wingi Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 308 | 85 | 84 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[109] † Rencunius zhoui Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 298 | 95 | 92 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[110] † Rooneyia viejaensis Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 278 | 113 | 112 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[111] † Saharagalago misrensis Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 354 | 38 | 38 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[112] † Serapia eocaena Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 306 | 86 | 86 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[113] † Shoshonius cooperi Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 108 | 293 | 284 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[114] † Siamopithecus eocaenus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 253 | 135 | 135 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[115] † Steinius spp. Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 245 | 157 | 147 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[116] † Taqah propliopithecid Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 264 | 124 | 123 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[117] † Tarsius sirindhornae Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 277 | 115 | 112 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[118] † Teilhardina americana Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 248 | 155 | 144 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[119] † Teilhardina asiatica Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 227 | 169 | 165 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[120] † Teilhardina belgica Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 199 | 203 | 193 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[121] † Tetonius sp. Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 155 | 246 | 237 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[122] † Wadilemur elegans Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 261 | 127 | 126 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[123] † Washakius insignis Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 194 | 205 | 199 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[124] † Xanthorhysis tabrumi Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 316 | 77 | 77 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[125] † Yunnanadapis folivorus Last Modified in 08/23/18 | 263 | 128 | 127 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 21178 | |
Project overview | 1682 | |
Matrix views | 1142 | Matrix landing page (951 views); Gunnell.et.al.2018_Propotto_matrix_morphology_only (191 views); |
Bibliography | 705 | |
Taxon list | 11951 | |
Specimen list | 1599 | |
Views for media list | 985 | |
Media views | 3104 | Media search (2560 views); M585479 (544 views); |
Documents list | 10 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 279 | |
Matrix downloads | 7 | Gunnell.et.al.2018_Propotto_matrix_morphology_only (7 downloads); |
Project downloads | 272 |