Project 3521: M. R. Borths, N. J. Stevens. 2019. Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, ‘Creodonta,’ Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1):e1570222.
Abstract
Hyainailourine hyaenodonts are among the largest terrestrial carnivorous mammals known. The clade is widely dispersed, found in Eurasia, North America, and Afro-Arabia in the Paleogene and early Neogene. In this study, we describe dental and postcranial material from Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov., the most complete hyainailourine known from sub-Saharan Africa. The material is from a relatively young adult from the early Miocene locality of Meswa Bridge, Kenya. Simbakubwa differs from Hyainailouros in exhibiting lingually oriented molar protocones, gracile metastyles, and buccolingually compressed, shearing canines. Like other large Miocene hyainailourines, Simbakubwa has deep carnassial notches on the molars and tall paracones fused to shorter metacones forming single piercing cusps. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis recovers Simbakubwa as the sister taxon of a clade of large-bodied Miocene hyainailourines that includes Hyainailouros and Megistotherium. Bayesian ancestral state reconstruction supports an Afro-Arabian origin for Hyainailourinae with subsequent dispersal to Eurasia during the early Miocene. Regression analysis based on carnassial size is applied to Simbakubwa and closely related hyainailourines, recovering a body mass up to 1,500 kg for the new taxon. The evolution and extinction of Hyainailourinae offers important insights for interpreting ecological transitions from Paleogene to Neogene faunas in Afro-Arabia and Eurasia.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222
Project DOI: 10.7934/P3521, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P3521
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 7610 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 156 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 382 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:137/19 |
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MorphoBank Project 3521
MorphoBank Project 3521
- Creation Date:
29 August 2019 - Publication Date:
26 September 2019 - Project views: 14832
- Matrix downloads: 32
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- Ohio University
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
MorphoBank Curator Project Administrator | 93 | 1 | 1 | 156 | 0 | 0 | 7610 (7610, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M26212' (93 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] † Maelestes gobiensis Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 47 | 110 | 109 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[2] † Altacreodus Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 67 | 96 | 89 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[3] † Akhnatenavus leptognathus Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 72 | 84 | 84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[4] † Akhnatenavus nefertiticyon Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 59 | 97 | 97 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[5] † Allopterodon torvidus Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 63 | 93 | 93 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[6] † Anasinopa spp Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 54 | 102 | 102 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[7] † Apterodon gaudryi Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 87 | 69 | 69 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[8] † Apterodon langebadrae Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 46 | 110 | 110 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[9] † Apterodon macrognathus Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 3 | 153 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[10] † Arfia gingerichi Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 79 | 77 | 77 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[11] † Arfia opisthotoma Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 65 | 91 | 91 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[12] † Arfia shoshoniensis Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 59 | 97 | 97 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[13] † Boritia duffaudi Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 101 | 55 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[14] † Boualitomus Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 104 | 52 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[15] † Brychotherium ephalmos Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 55 | 101 | 101 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[16] † Buhakia spp. Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 99 | 57 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[17] † Cynohyaenodon cayluxi Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 42 | 114 | 114 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[18] † Cynohyaenodon trux Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 68 | 89 | 88 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[19] † Dissopsalis carnifex Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 59 | 97 | 97 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[20] † Dissopsalis pyroclasticus Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 70 | 86 | 86 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[21] † Eoproviverra Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 109 | 47 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[22] † Eurotherium matthesi Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 35 | 121 | 121 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[23] † Eurotherium theriodis Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 49 | 107 | 107 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[24] † Exiguodon pilgrimi Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 73 | 83 | 83 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[25] † Falcatodon schlosseri Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 77 | 80 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[26] † Furodon Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 84 | 72 | 72 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[27] † Galecyon chronius Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 65 | 91 | 91 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[28] † Galecyon mordax Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 88 | 69 | 68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[29] † Galecyon morloi Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 92 | 64 | 64 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[30] † Galecyon peregrinus Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 108 | 49 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[31] † Gazinocyon whiteae Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 53 | 103 | 103 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[32] † Glibzegdouia Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 115 | 41 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[33] † Hemipsalodon Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 49 | 107 | 107 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[34] † Hyaenodon ergiliyndzo Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 38 | 118 | 118 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[35] † Hyaenodon exiguus Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 46 | 110 | 110 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[36] † Hyaenodon horridus Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 4 | 152 | 152 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[37] † Hyaenodon minor Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 30 | 126 | 126 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[38] † Hyaenodon neimongoliensis Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 80 | 77 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[39] † Hyainailouros bugtiensis Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 96 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[40] † Hyainailouros napakensis Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 130 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[41] † Hyainailouros sulzeri Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 58 | 100 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[42] † Arrisdrift hyainailourine Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 125 | 31 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[43] † Indohyaenodon Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 66 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[44] † Isohyaenodon andrewsi Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 109 | 47 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[45] † Isohyaenodon zadoki Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 98 | 58 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[46] † Kerberos Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 37 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[47] † Koholia Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 131 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[48] † Kyawdawia Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 66 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[49] † Lahimia Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 123 | 33 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[50] † Leakitherium hiwegi Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 60 | 96 | 96 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[51] † Leonhardtina gracilis Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 55 | 102 | 101 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[52] † Lesmesodon Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 88 | 68 | 68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[53] † Limnocyon verus Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 31 | 125 | 125 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[54] † Masrasector aegypticum Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 122 | 34 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[55] † Masrasector ligabuei Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 124 | 32 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[56] † Masrasector nananubis Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 25 | 131 | 131 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[57] † Matthodon tritens Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 88 | 68 | 68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[58] † Megistotherium Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 77 | 79 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[59] † Metapterodon kaiseri Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 126 | 30 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[60] † Metasinopa spp Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 61 | 95 | 95 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[61] † Mlanyama sugu Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 117 | 39 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[62] † Morlodon Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 79 | 77 | 77 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[63] † Orienspterodon dahkoensis Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 77 | 79 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[64] † Oxyaenoides bicuspidens Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 64 | 92 | 92 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[65] † Oxyaenoides lindgreni Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 93 | 63 | 63 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[66] † Paratritemnodon Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 70 | 86 | 86 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[67] † Paroxyaena sp Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 58 | 99 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[68] † Parvagula palulae Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 111 | 45 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[69] † Parvavorodon Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 100 | 56 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[70] † Preregidens langebadrae Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 109 | 47 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[71] † Prolimnocyon atavus Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 47 | 109 | 109 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[72] † Prolimnocyon chowi Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 106 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[73] † Propterodon morrisi Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 69 | 87 | 87 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[74] † Propterodon tongi Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 102 | 54 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[75] † Prototomus minimus Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[76] † Prototomus phobos Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 46 | 111 | 110 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[77] † Proviverra Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 56 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[78] † Pterodon africanus Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 47 | 109 | 109 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[79] † Pterodon dasyuroides Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 29 | 128 | 127 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[80] † Pterodon phiomensis Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 100 | 56 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[81] † Pyrocyon strenuus Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 66 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[82] † Quasiapterodon Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 66 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[83] † Quercytherium simplicidens Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 53 | 103 | 103 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[84] † Quercytherium tenebrosum Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 71 | 86 | 85 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[85] † Sectisodon markgrafi Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 128 | 28 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[86] † Simbakubwa Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 74 | 82 | 82 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[87] † Sinopa grangeri Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 21 | 136 | 135 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[88] † Sinopa jilinia Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 112 | 44 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[89] † Sivapterodon lahirii Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 133 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[90] † Teratodon Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 74 | 82 | 82 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[91] † Thinocyon Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 35 | 121 | 121 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[92] † Tinerhodon Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 110 | 46 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[93] † Tritemnodon agilis Last Modified in 09/26/19 | 28 | 128 | 128 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 14832 | |
Project overview | 1158 | |
Matrix views | 1003 | Data matrix (177 views); Matrix landing page (826 views); |
Media views | 2635 | Media search (2219 views); M676549 (416 views); |
Views for media list | 826 | |
Bibliography | 513 | |
Taxon list | 7311 | |
Specimen list | 1380 | |
Documents list | 6 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 179 | |
Project downloads | 147 | |
Matrix downloads | 32 | Data matrix (32 downloads); |