Project 3804: K. Braun, F. Leubner, T. Stach. 2020. Phylogenetic analysis of phenotypic characters of Tunicata supports basal Appendicularia and monophyletic Ascidiacea. Cladistics. 36 (3):259-300.
Abstract
With approximately 3000 marine species, Tunicata represents the most disparate subtaxon of Chordata. Molecular phylogenetic studies support Tunicata as sister taxon to Craniota, rendering it pivotal to understanding craniate evolution. Although successively more molecular data have become available to resolve internal tunicate phylogenetic relationships, phenotypic data have not been utilized consistently. Herein these shortcomings are addressed by cladistically analyzing 117 phenotypic characters for 49 tunicate species comprising all higher tunicate taxa, and five craniate and cephalochordate outgroup species. In addition, a combined analysis of the phenotypic characters with 18S rDNA‐sequence data is performed in 32 OTUs. The analysis of the combined data is congruent with published molecular analyses. Successively up‐weighting phenotypic characters indicates that phenotypic data contribute disproportionally more to the resulting phylogenetic hypothesis. The strict consensus tree from the analysis of the phenotypic characters as well as the single most parsimonious tree found in the analysis of the combined dataset recover monophyletic Appendicularia as sister taxon to the remaining tunicate taxa. Thus, both datasets support the hypothesis that the last common ancestor of Tunicata was free‐living and that ascidian sessility is a derived trait within Tunicata. “Thaliacea” is found to be paraphyletic with Pyrosomatida as sister taxon to monophyletic Ascidiacea and the relationship between Doliolida and Salpida is unresolved in the analysis of morphological characters; however, the analysis of the combined data reconstructs Thaliacea as monophyletic nested within paraphyletic “Ascidiacea”. Therefore, both datasets differ in the interpretation of the evolution of the complex holoplanktonic life history of thaliacean taxa. According to the phenotypic data, this evolution occurred in the plankton, whereas from the combined dataset a secondary transition into the plankton from a sessile ascidian is inferred. Besides these major differences, both analyses are in accord on many phylogenetic groupings, although both phylogenetic reconstructions invoke a high degree of homoplasy. In conclusion, this study represents the first serious attempt to utilize the potential phylogenetic information present in phenotypic characters to elucidate the inter‐relationships of this diverse marine taxon in a consistent cladistic framework.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1111/cla.12405
Project DOI: 10.7934/P3804, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P3804
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 5627 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 117 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 256 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:117/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 3804
MorphoBank Project 3804
- Creation Date:
09 September 2020 - Publication Date:
09 September 2020 - Project views: 11738
- Matrix downloads: 6
Authors' Institutions
- Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin (Humboldt University Berlin)
- University of Goettingen
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
MorphoBank Curator Project Administrator | 54 | 1 | 1 | 117 | 0 | 0 | 5627 (4449, 0, 1178) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Thomas Stach Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M26918' (54 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Oikopleura fusiformes Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 10 | 72 | 72 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[2] Oikopleura dioica Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 1 | 80 | 80 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[3] Megalocercus huxleyi Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 10 | 71 | 71 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[4] Fritillaria borealis Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 10 | 72 | 72 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[5] Salpa fusiformis Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 3 | 84 | 83 | 0 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[6] Thalia democratica Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 1 | 88 | 85 | 0 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[7] Iasis cylindrica Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 3 | 86 | 83 | 0 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[8] Doliolum nationalis Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 2 | 86 | 85 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[9] Doliolum denticulatum Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 17 | 73 | 73 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[10] Pyrosoma atlanticum Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 2 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[11] Ascidiella aspersa Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 4 | 94 | 94 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[12] Ascidiella scabra Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 2 | 96 | 96 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[13] Ascidia mentula Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 5 | 91 | 91 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[14] Ascidia virginea Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 22 | 77 | 77 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[15] Corella parallelogramma Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 2 | 93 | 93 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[16] Rhodosoma callense Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 26 | 72 | 72 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[17] Phallusia mammillata Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 20 | 80 | 79 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[18] Phallusia nigra Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 21 | 79 | 78 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[19] Agnezia septentrionalis Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 31 | 67 | 66 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[20] Perophora japonica Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 9 | 92 | 92 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[21] Perophora viridis Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 22 | 80 | 80 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[22] Ciona intestinalis Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 0 | 98 | 98 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[23] Dendrodoa grossularia Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 8 | 91 | 91 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[24] Molgula retortiformis Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 27 | 66 | 66 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[25] Molgula citrina Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 23 | 76 | 76 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[26] Molgula manhattensis Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 0 | 97 | 97 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[27] Microcosmus claudicans Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 24 | 76 | 76 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[28] Styela clava Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 3 | 96 | 96 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[29] Styela rustica Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 28 | 71 | 71 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[30] Styela plicata Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 18 | 82 | 82 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[31] Botryllus schlosseri Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 1 | 104 | 103 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[32] Symplegma brakenhielmi Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 12 | 89 | 88 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[33] Halocynthia roretzi Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 19 | 81 | 81 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[34] Herdmania momus Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 26 | 74 | 74 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[35] Kukenthalia borealis Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 22 | 86 | 85 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[36] Pelonaia corrugata Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 23 | 70 | 70 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[37] Diazona violacea Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 23 | 82 | 82 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[38] Clavelina lepadiformis Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 2 | 95 | 95 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[39] Diplosoma listerianum Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 1 | 95 | 95 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[40] Didemnum maculosum Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 22 | 77 | 77 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[41] Lissoclinum verrilli Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 18 | 81 | 81 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[42] Distaplia stylifera Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 10 | 94 | 94 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[43] Eudistoma obscuratum Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 12 | 88 | 88 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[44] Polyclinum constellatum Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 7 | 94 | 94 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[45] Polyclinum aurantium Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 21 | 78 | 78 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[46] Synoicum pulmonaria Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 25 | 75 | 75 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[47] Aplidium turbinatum Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 13 | 85 | 85 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[48] Morchellium argus Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 23 | 77 | 77 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[49] Sycozoa sigillinoides Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 24 | 75 | 75 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[50] Branchiostoma floridae Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 7 | 80 | 80 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[51] Branchiostoma lanceolatum Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 13 | 74 | 74 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[52] Petromyzon marinus Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 7 | 75 | 75 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[53] Lampetra planeri Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 9 | 73 | 73 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[54] Lampetra fluviatilis Last Modified in 09/09/20 | 11 | 71 | 71 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 11738 | |
Project overview | 922 | |
Matrix views | 699 | Data matrix in Nexus format (139 views); Matrix landing page (560 views); |
Media views | 2167 | Media search (1843 views); M693787 (324 views); |
Taxon list | 5686 | |
Specimen list | 1150 | |
Bibliography | 444 | |
Views for media list | 665 | |
Documents list | 5 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 106 | |
Project downloads | 100 | |
Matrix downloads | 6 | Data matrix in Nexus format (6 downloads); |