Project 3910: N. A. Jud, S. E. Allen, C. W. Nelson, C. L. Bastos, J. G. Chery. 2021. Climbing since the early Miocene: The fossil record of Paullinieae (Sapindaceae). PLOS ONE. 16 (4):e0248369.
Abstract
Paullinieae are a diverse group of tropical and subtropical climbing plants that belong to the soapberry family (Sapindaceae). The six genera in this tribe make up approximately one-quarter of the species in the family, but a sparse fossil record limits our understanding of their diversification. Here, we provide the first description of anatomically preserved fossils of Paullinieae and we re-evaluate other macrofossils that have been attributed to the tribe. We identified permineralized fossil roots in collections from the lower Miocene Cucaracha Formation where it was exposed along the Culebra Cut of the Panama Canal. We prepared the fossils using the cellulose acetate peel technique and compared the anatomy with that of extant Paullinieae. The fossil roots preserve a combination of characters found only in Paullinieae, including peripheral secondary vascular strands, vessel dimorphism, alternate intervessel pitting with coalescent apertures, heterocellular rays, and axial parenchyma strands of 2–4 cells, often with prismatic crystals. We also searched the paleontological literature for other occurrences of the tribe. We re-evaluated leaf fossils from western North America that have been assigned to extant genera in the tribe by comparing their morphology to herbarium specimens and cleared leaves. The fossil leaves that were assigned to Cardiospermum and Serjania from the Paleogene of western North America are likely Sapindaceae; however, they lack diagnostic characters necessary for inclusion in Paullinieae and should be excluded from those genera. Therefore, the fossils described here as Ampelorhiza heteroxylon gen. et sp. nov. are the oldest macrofossil evidence of Paullinieae. They provide direct evidence of the development of a vascular cambial variant associated with the climbing habit in Sapindaceae and provide strong evidence of the diversification of crown-group Paullinieae in the tropics by 18.5–19 million years ago.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248369
Project DOI: 10.7934/P3910, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P3910
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 3289 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 28 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 56 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:28/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 3910
MorphoBank Project 3910
- Creation Date:
08 January 2021 - Publication Date:
18 April 2021 - Project views: 12077
- Matrix downloads: 1
Authors' Institutions
- Cornell University
- Pennsylvania State University
- University of Florida
- Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP, University of Sao Paulo)
- William Jewell College
- Florida Museum of Natural History
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
Nathan Jud Project Administrator | 135 | 1 | 1 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 3289 (3289, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Sarah Allen Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Joyce Chery Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M27199' (135 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Paullinia alata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[2] Paullinia baileyi Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 9 | 19 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[3] Paullinia bracteosa Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 6 | 22 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[4] Paullinia dasystachya Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[5] Paullinia echinata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[6] Paullinia exalata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[7] Paullinia fibrigera Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[8] Paullinia fimbriata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[9] Paullinia latifolia Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[10] Paullinia micrantha Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[11] Paullinia obovata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[12] Paullinia pinnata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[13] Paullinia pseudota Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[14] Paullinia rubiginosa Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[15] Paullinia rufescens Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[16] Paullinia rugosa Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[17] Paullinia spicata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[18] Paullinia sprucei Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[19] Paullinia trigonia Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[20] Paullinia turbacensis Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[21] Paullinia weinmanniifolia Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[22] Acer campestre Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[23] Acer cissifolium Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[24] Acer glabrum Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[25] Acer platanoides Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[26] Aesculus flava Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[27] Aesculus glabra Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[28] Aesculus indica Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[29] Alectryon connatus Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[30] Alectryon diversifolius Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[31] Alectryon excelsus Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[32] Alectryon oleifolius Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[33] Alectryon subcinereus Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[34] Allophylus cobbe Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 6 | 22 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[35] Amesiodendron chinensis Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[36] Arfeuillea arborescens Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[37] Arytera brackenridgei Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[38] Arytera collina Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[39] Arytera littoralis Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[40] Athyana weinmannifolia Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[41] Beguea apetala Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[42] Blighia sapida Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[43] Blighia unijugata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[44] Blighia welwitschii Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[45] Cardiospermum corindum Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[46] Castanospora alphandii Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[47] Chytranthus macrobotrys Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[48] Chytranthus talbotii Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[49] Cubilia cubili Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[50] Cupania dentata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[51] Cupania emarginata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[52] Cupania hirsuta Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[53] Cupania scrobiculata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[54] Cupaniopsis anacardioides Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[55] Cupaniopsis apiocarpa Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[56] Deinbollia borbonica Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[57] Delavaya yunnanensi Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[58] Diatenopteryx sorbifolia Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 0 | 28 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[59] Dilodendron bipinnatum Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[60] Dimocarpus longan Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[61] Dodonaea lanceolata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[62] Dodonaea lobulata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[63] Dodonaea viscosa Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[64] Elattostachys apetala Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[65] Elattostachys nervosa Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[66] Eriocoelum kerstingii Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[67] Eriocoelum macrocarpum Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[68] Eriocoelum microspermum Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[69] Erythrophysa aesculina Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[70] Eurycorymbus cavaleriei Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[71] Filicium decipiens Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[72] Filicium longifolium Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[73] Ganophyllum falcatum Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[74] Guioa glauca Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[75] Guioa lasioneura Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[76] Handeliodendron bodinieri Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[77] Haplocoelum gallaense Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[78] Harpullia arborea Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 10 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[79] Hippobromus pauciflorus Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[80] Hypelate trifoliata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[81] Koelreuteria bipinnata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[82] Koelreuteria paniculata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[83] Laccodiscus pseudostipularis Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[84] Lepisanthes rubiginosus Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[85] Lepisanthes senegalensis Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[86] Litchi chinensis Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[87] Llagunoa nitida Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[88] Macphersonia gracilis Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[89] Magonia pubescens Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 0 | 28 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[90] Majidea fosteri Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[91] Majidea zanguebarika Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[92] Matayba domingensis Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[93] Matayba elaeagnoides Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[94] Matayba guianensis Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[95] Matayba laevigata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[96] Matayba opaca Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[97] Melicoccus bijugatus Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[98] Mischocarpus grandissumus Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 7 | 21 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[99] Mischocarpus pentapetalus Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 7 | 21 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[100] Neotina coursii Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[101] Nephelium lappaceum Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[102] Nephelium laurinum Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[103] Pappea capensis Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[104] Paranephelium macrophyllum Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[105] Paranephelium xestophyllum Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[106] Placodiscus leptostachys Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[107] Plagioscyphus louvelii Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[108] Plagioscyphus unijugatus Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[109] Podonephelium homei Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[110] Pometia pinnata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[111] Pseudopteris decipiens Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[112] Radlkofera calodendron Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[113] Sapindus saponaria Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[114] Sapindus trifoliatus Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[115] Schleichera oleosa Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 6 | 22 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[116] Serjania communis Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 24 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[117] Serjania lethalis Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[118] Serjania paucidentata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[119] Serjania polyphylla Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 24 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[120] Stadmannia oppositifolia Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[121] Talisia nervosa Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[122] Thinouia mucronata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[123] Thouinia paucidentata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[124] Thouinia portoricensis Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[125] Tinopsis apiculata Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[126] Toechima erythrocarpum Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[127] Toechima tenax Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[128] Tristira triptera Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[129] Ungnadia speciosa Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 1 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[130] Vouarana guianensis Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 8 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[131] Xanthoceras sorbifolia Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[132] Xerospermum noronhianum Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 8 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[133] Zanha africana Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[134] Zanha golungensis Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[135] † Ampelorhiza heteroxylon Last Modified in 01/09/21 | 6 | 22 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 12077 | |
Project overview | 896 | |
Matrix views | 600 | Anatomy of Sapindaceae (Klaassen, 1999) (79 views); Matrix landing page (521 views); |
Media views | 2092 | Media search (1682 views); M738853 (410 views); |
Views for media list | 630 | |
Taxon list | 6338 | |
Bibliography | 431 | |
Specimen list | 1084 | |
Documents list | 6 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 70 | |
Project downloads | 69 | |
Matrix downloads | 1 | Anatomy of Sapindaceae (Klaassen, 1999) (1 download); |