Project 431: G. Billet. 2010. New Observations on the Skull of Pyrotherium (Pyrotheria, Mammalia) and New Phylogenetic Hypotheses on South American Ungulates. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 17 (1):21-59.
Abstract
The Cenozoic South American endemic pyrotheres, mostly characterized by a bilophodont dentition, are one of the most mysterious ungulates ever known. Even though many specialists have investigated this group, the fascinating question of its origin is still unresolved after more than a century of study. This paper provides a new description of the only known pyrothere skull, that of Pyrotherium from the Deseadan of Patagonia. Detailed comparison of the cranial anatomy indicates strong similarities with the Notoungulata, especially in the auditory region, as already mentioned by some authors. Intriguing similarities are also detected in the anterior dentition of Pyrotherium and the Casamayoran notoungulate Notostylops. These resemblances suggest a unique relationship between Pyrotheria and Notoungulata, specifically between Pyrotheria and Notostylops. These hypotheses are tested through a series of phylogenetic analyses of South American ungulate craniodental anatomy, primarily focusing on Notoungulata and Pyrotheria. These phylogenetic analyses are the first to encompass such a diversity of South American ungulate taxa. When including the bunodont taxon Proticia usually attributed to the Pyrotheria, the strict consensus of the analysis does not present much resolution. When excluding it, the analysis supports the nesting of the pyrotheres within the Notoungulata via an exclusive relationship with Notostylops. This relationship is supported by both cranial and dental anatomy. The analysis also supports the position of Astrapotheria as the sister group of the Notoungulata. It does not support, however, the monophyly of the Litopterna. The clustering of Pyrotheria, Notoungulata, and Astrapotheria supports an isolated evolutionary history of these ungulates in South America similar to that of afrotherian mammals in Africa. These results give rise to new perspectives in research on South American endemic ungulate evolution.Read the article »
Project DOI: 10.7934/P431, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P431
This project contains | Matrices |
---|---|
Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 6333 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 141 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 299 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:141/0 |
Currently Viewing:
MorphoBank Project 431
MorphoBank Project 431
- Creation Date:
08 November 2010 - Publication Date:
14 January 2011 - Project views: 44144
- Media downloads: 3
- Matrix downloads: 19
Authors' Institutions
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (Natural History Museum, Paris)
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
MorphoBank Curator Project Administrator | 64 | 1 | 1 | 141 | 0 | 0 | 6333 (5816, 0, 517) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Maureen Admin Full membership | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Guillaume Billet Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Seth Kaufman | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M1001' (64 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Leptictis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 6 | 105 | 105 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[2] Phenacodus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 3 | 101 | 101 | 0 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[3] Meniscotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 1 | 104 | 104 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[4] Protolipterna Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 99 | 22 | 22 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[5] Proterotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 8 | 89 | 89 | 0 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[6] Trigonostylops Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 14 | 94 | 94 | 0 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[7] Astrapotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 7 | 95 | 94 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[8] Pyrotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 35 | 82 | 82 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[9] Notostylops Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 1 | 136 | 136 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[10] Henricosbornia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 98 | 41 | 41 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[11] Simpsonotus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 20 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[12] Pleurostylodon Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 10 | 130 | 129 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[13] Thomashuxleya Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 36 | 103 | 103 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[14] Pampahippus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 78 | 61 | 61 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[15] Periphragnis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 7 | 133 | 132 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[16] Ryphodon Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 48 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[17] Puelia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 47 | 93 | 93 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[18] Leontinia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 12 | 126 | 126 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[19] Colpodon Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 19 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[20] Ancylocoelus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 37 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[21] Scarittia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 34 | 105 | 105 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[22] Homalodotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 10 | 128 | 128 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[23] Asmodeus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 61 | 77 | 77 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[24] Rhynchippus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 8 | 132 | 132 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[25] Eurygenium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 52 | 88 | 88 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[26] Pascualihippus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 55 | 86 | 85 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[27] Eomorphippus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 68 | 74 | 72 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[28] Morphippus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 27 | 113 | 113 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[29] Argyrohippus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 28 | 113 | 112 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[30] Nesodon Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 5 | 134 | 133 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[31] Adinotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 5 | 134 | 133 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[32] Hoffstetterius Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 34 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[33] Ponanskytherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 31 | 102 | 102 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[34] Toxodon Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 33 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[35] Colbertia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 24 | 117 | 116 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[36] Oldfieldthomasia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 11 | 128 | 128 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[37] Campanorco Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 43 | 96 | 96 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[38] Acropithecus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 65 | 74 | 74 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[39] Ultrapithecus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 94 | 45 | 45 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[40] Notopithecus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 4 | 133 | 133 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[41] Archaeophylus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 120 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[42] Cochilius Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 39 | 99 | 99 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[43] Plagiarthrus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 47 | 89 | 89 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[44] Protypotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 19 | 118 | 117 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[45] Miocochilius Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 45 | 91 | 91 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[46] Interatherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 29 | 106 | 106 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[47] Federicoanaya Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 34 | 102 | 102 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[48] Trachytherus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 8 | 131 | 131 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[49] Plesiotypotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 22 | 105 | 105 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[50] Mesotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 27 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[51] Eohyrax Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 86 | 53 | 53 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[52] Pseudhyrax Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[53] Archaeotypotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 56 | 83 | 83 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[54] Archaeohyrax Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 6 | 134 | 133 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[55] Prohegetotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 51 | 88 | 88 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[56] Hegetotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 27 | 113 | 112 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[57] Prosotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 49 | 81 | 81 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[58] Paedotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 36 | 91 | 91 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[59] Proticia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 120 | 15 | 15 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[60] Colombitherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 112 | 21 | 21 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[61] Baguatherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 108 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[62] Propyrotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 95 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[63] Carolozittelia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 101 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[64] Gryphodon Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 120 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 44144 | |
Media views | 6152 | Media search (5093 views); M102515 (1059 views); |
Project overview | 4362 | |
Taxon list | 22422 | |
Specimen list | 4151 | |
Views for media list | 1875 | |
Matrix views | 2359 | Matrix landing page (2066 views); Pyrotherium (293 views); |
Bibliography | 1210 | |
Documents list | 1613 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 361 | |
Media downloads | 3 | M102515 (3 downloads); |
Project downloads | 337 | |
Matrix downloads | 19 | Pyrotherium (19 downloads); |
Document downloads | 2 | Copyright information for exemplar media (2 downloads); |