Project 4359: D. T. Ksepka, R. E. Fordyce, T. Ando, C. M. Jones. 2012. New fossil penguins (Aves, Sphenisciformes) from the Oligocene of New Zealand reveal the skeletal plan of stem penguins. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (2):235-254.
Abstract
Three skeletons collected from the late Oligocene Kokoamu Greensand of New Zealand are among the most complete Paleogene penguins known. These specimens, described here as Kairuku waitaki, gen. et sp. nov., and Kairuku grebneffi, sp. nov., reveal new details of key elements of the stem penguin skeleton associated with underwater flight, including the sternum, flipper, and pygostyle. Relative proportions of the trunk, flippers, and hind limbs can now be determined from a single individual for the first time, offering insight into the body plan of stem penguins and improved constraints on size estimates for ‘giant’ taxa. Kairuku is characterized by an elongate, narrow sternum, a short and flared coracoid, an elongate narrow flipper, and a robust hind limb. The pygostyle of Kairuku lacks the derived triangular cross-section seen in extant penguins, suggesting that the rectrices attached in a more typical avian pattern and the tail may have lacked the propping function utilized by living penguins. New materials described here, along with re-study of previously described specimens, resolve several long-standing phylogenetic, biogeographic, and taxonomic issues stemming from the inadequate comparative material of several of the first-named fossil penguin species. An array of partial associated skeletons from the Eocene–Oligocene of New Zealand historically referred to Palaeeudyptes antarcticus or Palaeeudyptes sp. are recognized as at least five distinct species: Palaeeudyptes antarcticus, Palaeeudyptes marplesi, Kairuku waitaki, Kairuku grebneffi, and an unnamed Burnside Formation species.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2012.652051
Project DOI: 10.7934/P4359, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P4359
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 2798 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 245 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 608 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:211/34 |
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MorphoBank Project 4359
MorphoBank Project 4359
- Creation Date:
05 August 2022 - Publication Date:
22 December 2022 - Project views: 3987
- Matrix downloads: 1
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh
- North Carolina State University
- University of Otago
- Ashoro Museum of Paleontology
- Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
Katherine Walton Project Administrator | 71 | 1 | 1 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 2798 (1945, 0, 853) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
MorphoBank Curator Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Brooke Long-Fox Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M28918' (71 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Gavia immer Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 165 | 45 | 44 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[2] Gavia stellata Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 14 | 189 | 184 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[3] Daption capense Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 19 | 181 | 180 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[4] Diomedea exulans Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 33 | 167 | 166 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[5] Macronectes giganteus Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 19 | 182 | 179 | 0 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[6] Oceanites oceanicus Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 19 | 180 | 180 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[7] Oceanodroma leucorhoa Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 19 | 179 | 179 | 0 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[8] Pachyptila desolata Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 20 | 181 | 180 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[9] Pelecanoides urinatrix Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 19 | 180 | 180 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[10] Phoebastria immutabilis Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 27 | 173 | 173 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[11] Phoebetria palpebrata Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 25 | 174 | 174 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[12] Procellaria cinerea Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[13] Pterodroma brevirostris Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[14] Puffinus gravis Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 212 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[15] Thalassarche melanophrys Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 212 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[16] Aptenodytes forsteri Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 241 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[17] Aptenodytes patagonicus Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 241 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[18] Pygoscelis antarctica Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 241 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[19] Pygoscelis papua Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 241 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[20] Pygoscelis adeliae Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 241 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[21] Megadyptes antipodes Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 241 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[22] Eudyptes chrysocome Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[23] Eudyptes chrysolophus Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[24] Eudyptes filholi Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[25] Eudyptes moseleyi Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[26] Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[27] Eudyptes robustus Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[28] Eudyptes schlegeli Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[29] Eudyptes sclateri Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[30] Eudyptula minor Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[31] † Madrynornis mirandus Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[32] Spheniscus demersus Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[33] Spheniscus magellanicus Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[34] Spheniscus humboldti Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[35] Spheniscus mendiculus Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[36] † Spheniscus urbinai Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[37] † Spheniscus megaramphus Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[38] † Spheniscus muizoni Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 232 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[39] † Marplesornis novaezealandiae Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[40] † Palaeospheniscus biloculata Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 49 | 44 | 43 | 0 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[41] † Palaeospheniscus bergi Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[42] † Palaeospheniscus patagonicus Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[43] † Eretiscus tonnii Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[44] † Platydyptes novaezealandiae Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[45] † Platydyptes marplesi Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[46] † Paraptenodytes antarcticus Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[47] † Archaeospheniscus lopdelli Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[48] † Archaeospheniscus lowei Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[49] † Pachydyptes ponderosus Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[50] † Perudyptes devriesi Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[51] † Icadyptes salasi Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[52] † Inkayacu paracasensis Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[53] † Palaeudyptes "burnside" Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[54] † Kairuku waitaki Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[55] † Palaeeudyptes klekowskii Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[56] † Kairuku grebneffi Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[57] † Palaeeudyptes gunnari Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[58] † Anthropornis sp. Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[59] † Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[60] † Anthropornis grandis Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[61] † Delphinornis wimani Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[62] † Delphinornis gracilis Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[63] † Delphinornis arctowskii Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[64] † Delphinornis larseni Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[65] † Mesetaornis polaris Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[66] † Marambiornis exilis Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[67] † Waimanu tuatahi Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[68] † Waimanu manneringi Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 193 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[69] † Duntroonornis parvus Last Modified in 08/27/22 | 223 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[70] † Pygoscelis grandis Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 165 | 28 | 28 | 0 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[71] † Palaeeudyptes antarcticus Last Modified in 08/22/22 | 224 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 3987 | |
Project overview | 333 | |
Matrix views | 231 | Matrix landing page (210 views); Kairuku JVP Dataset (21 views); |
Media views | 832 | Media search (700 views); M846725 (132 views); |
Documents list | 204 | |
Taxon list | 1577 | |
Views for media list | 258 | |
Specimen list | 390 | |
Bibliography | 162 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 2 | |
Project downloads | 1 | |
Matrix downloads | 1 | Kairuku JVP Dataset (1 download); |