Project 4925: J. W. Crowell, J. R. Wible, S. G. Chester. 2024. Basicranial evidence suggests picrodontid mammals are not stem primates. Biology Letters. 20 (1):null.
Abstract
The Picrodontidae from the middle Paleocene of North America are enigmatic placental mammals that were allied with various mammalian groups but are generally now considered to have close affinities to paromomyid and palaechthonid plesiadapiforms based on proposed dental synapomorphies. The picrodontid fossil record consists entirely of dental and gnathic remains except for one partial cranium of Zanycteris paleocenus (AMNH 17180). Here, we utilize µCT technology to unveil previously undocumented morphology in AMNH 17180, describe and compare the basicranial morphology of a picrodontid for the first time, and incorporate these new data into cladistic analyses. The basicranial morphology of Z. paleocenus is distinct from plesiadapiforms and shares similarities with the Paleogene Nyctitheriidae and Apatemyidae. Results of cladistic analyses incorporating these novel data suggest picrodontids are not stem primates nor euarchontan mammals and that the proposed dental synapomorphies uniting picrodontids with other plesiadapiforms and, by extension, primates evolved independently. Results highlight the need to scrutinize proposed synapomorphies of highly autapomorphic taxa with limited fossil records.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0335
Project DOI: 10.7934/P4925, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P4925
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 20960 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 415 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 1038 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:415/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 4925
MorphoBank Project 4925
- Creation Date:
24 October 2023 - Publication Date:
10 January 2024 - Project views: 1923
- Matrix downloads: 10
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- Brooklyn College - CUNY
- Carnegie Museum of Natural History
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology
- The Graduate Center, CUNY
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
Jordan Crowell Project Administrator | 98 | 1 | 1 | 415 | 0 | 0 | 20960 (20898, 0, 62) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M29520' (98 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Nanolestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 303 | 113 | 112 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[2] Peramus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 292 | 127 | 123 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[3] Vincelestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 42 | 374 | 373 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[4] Kielantherium Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 339 | 78 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[5] Deltatheridium Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 152 | 265 | 263 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[6] Mayulestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 74 | 341 | 341 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[7] Pucadelphys Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 44 | 371 | 371 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[8] Acristatherium Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 237 | 180 | 178 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[9] Eomaia Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 231 | 186 | 184 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[10] Prokennalestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 227 | 194 | 188 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[11] Murtoilestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 356 | 59 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[12] Bobolestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 307 | 110 | 108 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[13] Montanalestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 345 | 76 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[14] Sheikhdzheilia Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 344 | 74 | 71 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[15] Alostera Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 357 | 58 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[16] Lainodon Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 392 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[17] Avitotherium Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 345 | 72 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[18] Gallolestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 372 | 44 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[19] Parazhelestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 262 | 157 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[20] Aspanlestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 267 | 154 | 148 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[21] Zhelestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 238 | 184 | 177 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[22] Paranyctoides Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 308 | 113 | 107 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[23] Eozhelestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 374 | 43 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[24] Cimolestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 250 | 174 | 165 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[25] Maelestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 102 | 322 | 313 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[26] Batodon Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 312 | 105 | 103 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[27] Bulaklestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 316 | 101 | 99 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[28] Daulestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 318 | 100 | 97 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[29] Uchkudukodon Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 167 | 258 | 248 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[30] Kennalestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 119 | 299 | 296 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[31] Asioryctes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 82 | 336 | 333 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[32] Ukhaatherium Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 66 | 351 | 349 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[33] Deccanolestes hislopi Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 269 | 155 | 146 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[34] Deccanolestes cf hislopi Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 350 | 73 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[35] Deccanolestes robustus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 353 | 63 | 62 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[36] Deccanolestes narmadensis Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 391 | 29 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[37] Kharmerungulatum Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 402 | 13 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[38] Afrodon germanicus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 314 | 104 | 101 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[39] Afrodon chleuhi Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 349 | 75 | 66 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[40] Kulbeckia Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 222 | 202 | 193 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[41] Zhangolestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 364 | 52 | 51 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[42] Alymlestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 394 | 21 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[43] Zalambdalestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 49 | 378 | 366 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[44] Barunlestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 134 | 283 | 281 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[45] Gypsonictops Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 289 | 135 | 126 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[46] Leptictis Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 21 | 395 | 394 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[47] Purgatorius Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 285 | 133 | 130 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[48] Protungulatum Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 204 | 219 | 211 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[49] Oxyprimus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 319 | 99 | 96 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[50] Vulpavus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 86 | 343 | 329 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[51] Miacis Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 132 | 291 | 283 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[52] Gujaratia Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 92 | 326 | 323 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[53] Hyopsodus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 43 | 382 | 372 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[54] Meniscotherium Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 40 | 380 | 375 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[55] Phenacodus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 61 | 363 | 354 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[56] Ptilocercus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 13 | 404 | 402 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[57] Plesiadapis Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 29 | 386 | 369 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[58] Notharctus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 41 | 382 | 374 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[59] Adapis Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 66 | 359 | 349 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[60] Tribosphenomys Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 266 | 149 | 149 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[61] Paramys Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 69 | 351 | 346 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[62] Rhombomylus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 61 | 361 | 354 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[63] Gomphos Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 141 | 276 | 274 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[64] Mimotona Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 293 | 126 | 122 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[65] Blarina Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 49 | 373 | 366 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[66] Erinaceus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 23 | 402 | 392 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[67] Solenodon Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 36 | 380 | 379 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[68] Eoryctes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 212 | 208 | 203 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[69] Potamogale Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 33 | 382 | 382 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[70] Orycteropus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 138 | 284 | 277 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[71] Rhynchocyon Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 40 | 377 | 375 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[72] Procavia Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 31 | 391 | 384 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[73] Moeritherium Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 149 | 268 | 266 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[74] Chaetophractus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 133 | 282 | 282 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[75] Bradypus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 134 | 284 | 281 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[76] Tamandua Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 163 | 254 | 252 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[77] Dilambdogale Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 312 | 107 | 103 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[78] Widanelfarasia Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 293 | 123 | 122 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[79] Todralestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 292 | 127 | 123 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[80] Microgale Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 36 | 383 | 379 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[81] Foxomomys Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 301 | 117 | 114 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[82] Dryomomys szalayi Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 160 | 255 | 255 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[83] Tinimomys graybulliensis Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 174 | 244 | 241 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[84] Carpolestes Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 89 | 328 | 326 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[85] Ignacius Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 83 | 332 | 332 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[86] Cynocephalus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 26 | 391 | 388 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[87] Plagioctenodon rosei Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 136 | 285 | 279 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[88] Leptacodon tener Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 312 | 105 | 103 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[89] Plagioctenodon thewisseni Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 216 | 201 | 199 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[90] Adunator minutus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 307 | 108 | 108 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[91] Macrocranion junnei Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 326 | 90 | 89 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[92] Macrocranion nitens Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 278 | 139 | 137 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[93] Microsyops annectens Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 148 | 259 | 258 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[94] Zanycteris paleocenus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 300 | 116 | 112 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[95] Picrodus calgariensis Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 285 | 121 | 119 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[96] Draconodus apertus Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 374 | 40 | 40 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[97] Labidolemur kayi Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 130 | 271 | 268 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[98] Plesiolestes nacimienti Last Modified in 10/27/23 | 291 | 121 | 121 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 1923 | |
Project overview | 155 | |
Media views | 347 | Media search (296 views); M898585 (51 views); |
Matrix views | 107 | Matrix landing page (99 views); Crowell et al Zanycteris matrix (8 views); |
Views for media list | 103 | |
Taxon list | 998 | |
Bibliography | 56 | |
Specimen list | 157 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 11 | |
Matrix downloads | 10 | Crowell et al Zanycteris matrix (10 downloads); |
Document downloads | 1 | Characters and states (1 download); |