Project 748: S. P. Davis, J. A. Finarelli, M. I. Coates. 2012. Acanthodes and shark-like conditions in the last common ancestor of modern gnathostomes. Nature. 486 (7402):247–250.
Abstract
Acanthodians, an exclusively Palaeozoic group of fish, are central to a renewed debate on the origin of modern gnathostomes: jawed vertebrates comprising Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays and ratfish) and Osteichthyes (bony fishes and tetrapods). Acanthodian internal anatomy is primarily understood from Acanthodes bronni because it remains the only example preserved in substantial detail, central to which is an ostensibly osteichthyan braincase. For this reason, Acanthodes has become an indispensible component in early gnathostome phylogenies. Here we present a new description of the Acanthodes braincase, yielding new details of external and internal morphology, notably the regions surrounding and within the ear capsule and neurocranial roof. These data contribute to a new reconstruction that, unexpectedly, resembles early chondrichthyan crania. Principal coordinates analysis of a character-taxon matrix including these new data confirms this impression: Acanthodes is quantifiably closer to chondrichthyans than to osteichthyans. However, phylogenetic analysis places Acanthodes on the osteichthyan stem, as part of a well-resolved tree that also recovers acanthodians as stem chondrichthyans and stem gnathostomes. As such, perceived chondrichthyan features of the Acanthodes cranium represent shared primitive conditions for crown group gnathostomes. Moreover, this increasingly detailed picture of early gnathostome evolution highlights ongoing and profound anatomical reorganization of vertebrate crania after the origin of jaws but prior to the divergence of living clades.Read the article »
Project DOI: 10.7934/P748, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P748
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 4946 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 138 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 279 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:138/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 748
MorphoBank Project 748
- Creation Date:
06 June 2012 - Publication Date:
13 June 2012 - Project views: 37003
- Media downloads: 3
- Matrix downloads: 14
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- University College Dublin
- University of Chicago
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | media notes | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||||||||||
John Finarelli Project Administrator | 60 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 138 | 0 | 137 | 0 | 0 | 4946 (4173, 0, 773) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
MorphoBank Curator Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M1686' (60 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Acanthodes Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 10 | 111 | 111 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[2] Akmonistion Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 15 | 105 | 105 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[3] Austroptyctodus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 47 | 81 | 81 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[4] Bothriolepis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 59 | 54 | 54 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[5] Brachyacanthus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 78 | 52 | 52 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[6] Brindabellaspis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 55 | 75 | 75 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[7] Brochoadmones Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 72 | 52 | 52 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[8] Buchanosteus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 35 | 89 | 89 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[9] Campbellodus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 64 | 61 | 61 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[10] Cassidiceps Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 83 | 44 | 44 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[11] Cheiracanthus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 55 | 71 | 71 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[12] Cheirolepis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 49 | 80 | 80 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[13] Chondrenchelys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 31 | 83 | 83 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[14] Cladodoides Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 74 | 58 | 58 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[15] Cladoselache Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 33 | 87 | 87 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[16] Climatius Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 60 | 71 | 71 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[17] Cobelodus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 13 | 103 | 103 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[18] Coccosteus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 72 | 54 | 54 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[19] Cowralepis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 88 | 43 | 43 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[20] Culmacanthus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 77 | 49 | 49 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[21] Debeerius Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 27 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[22] Dialipina Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 87 | 44 | 44 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[23] Dicksonosteus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 32 | 92 | 92 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[24] Diplacanthus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 68 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[25] Doliodus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 70 | 55 | 55 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[26] Eusthenopteron Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 2 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[27] Euthacanthus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 67 | 64 | 64 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[28] Galeaspida Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 27 | 54 | 54 | 0 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[29] Gladiobranchus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 65 | 61 | 61 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[30] Gogonasus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 35 | 98 | 98 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[31] Guiyu Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 56 | 75 | 75 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[32] Hamiltonichthys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 30 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[33] Homalacanthus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 52 | 73 | 73 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[34] Howqualepis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 45 | 84 | 84 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[35] Ischnacanthus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 59 | 71 | 71 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[36] Kathemacanthus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 69 | 51 | 51 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[37] Ligulalepis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 89 | 47 | 47 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[38] Macropetalichthys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 79 | 53 | 53 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[39] Mesacanthus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 66 | 61 | 61 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[40] Mimia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 124 | 124 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[41] Obtusacanthus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 82 | 43 | 43 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[42] Onychodus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 27 | 96 | 96 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[43] Onychoselache Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 50 | 69 | 69 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[44] Orthacanthus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 19 | 101 | 101 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[45] Osteostraci Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 21 | 73 | 73 | 0 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[46] Parexus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 72 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[47] Poracanthodes Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 81 | 52 | 52 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[48] Porolepis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 20 | 104 | 104 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[49] Promesacanthus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 61 | 66 | 66 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[50] Psarolepis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 69 | 65 | 65 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[51] Pterichthyodes Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 78 | 44 | 44 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[52] Ptomacanthus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 60 | 74 | 74 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[53] Pucapampella Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 90 | 43 | 43 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[54] Rhamphodopsis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 78 | 48 | 48 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[55] Tamiobatis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 54 | 73 | 73 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[56] Tetanopsyrus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 60 | 65 | 65 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[57] Tristychius Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 19 | 98 | 98 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[58] Lupopsyrus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 92 | 44 | 44 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[59] Rhadinacanthus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 104 | 32 | 32 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[60] Vernicomacanthus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 102 | 34 | 34 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 37003 | |
Project overview | 5221 | |
Matrix views | 2705 | Matrix landing page (2367 views); Character Matrix (338 views); |
Media views | 6774 | Media search (5759 views); M109784 (1015 views); |
Taxon list | 20940 | |
Bibliography | 1350 | |
Documents list | 7 | |
Views for media list | 2 | |
Specimen list | 4 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 379 | |
Matrix downloads | 14 | Character Matrix (14 downloads); |
Project downloads | 362 | |
Media downloads | 3 | M109784 (3 downloads); |