Project 2336: M. R. Borths, P. A. Holroyd, E. R. Seiffert. 2016. Hyainailourine and teratodontine cranial material from the late Eocene of Egypt and the application of parsimony and Bayesian methods to the phylogeny and biogeography of Hyaenodonta (Placentalia, Mammalia). PeerJ. 4:e2639.
Abstract
Hyaenodonta is a diverse, extinct group of carnivorous mammals that included weasel- to rhinoceros-sized species. The oldest-known hyaenodont fossils are from the middle Paleocene of North Africa and the antiquity of the group in Afro-Arabia led to the hypothesis that it originated there and dispersed to Asia, Europe, and North America. Here we describe two new hyaenodont species based on the oldest hyaenodont cranial specimens known from Afro-Arabia. The material was collected from the latest Eocene Locality 41 (L-41, ∼34 Ma) in the Fayum Depression, Egypt. Akhnatenavus nefertiticyon sp. nov. has specialized, hypercarnivorous molars and an elongate cranial vault. In A. nefertiticyon the tallest, piercing cusp on M1–M2 is the paracone. Brychotherium ephalmos gen. et sp. nov. has more generalized molars that retain the metacone and complex talonids. In B. ephalmos the tallest, piercing cusp on M1–M2 is the metacone. We incorporate this new material into a series of phylogenetic analyses using a character-taxon matrix that includes novel dental, cranial, and postcranial characters, and samples extensively from the global record of the group. The phylogenetic analysis includes the first application of Bayesian methods to hyaenodont relationships. B. ephalmos is consistently placed within Teratodontinae, an Afro-Arabian clade with several generalist and hypercarnivorous forms, and Akhnatenavus is consistently recovered in Hyainailourinae as part of an Afro-Arabian radiation. The phylogenetic results suggest that hypercarnivory evolved independently three times within Hyaenodonta: in Teratodontinae, in Hyainailourinae, and in Hyaenodontinae. Teratodontines are consistently placed in a close relationship with Hyainailouridae (Hyainailourinae + Apterodontinae) to the exclusion of “proviverrines,” hyaenodontines, and several North American clades, and we propose that the superfamily Hyainailouroidea be used to describe this relationship. Using the topologies recovered from each phylogenetic method, we reconstructed the biogeographic history of Hyaenodonta using parsimony optimization (PO), likelihood optimization (LO), and Bayesian Binary Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to examine support for the Afro-Arabian origin of Hyaenodonta. Across all analyses, we found that Hyaenodonta most likely originated in Europe, rather than Afro-Arabia. The clade is estimated by tip-dating analysis to have undergone a rapid radiation in the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene; a radiation currently not documented by fossil evidence. During the Paleocene, lineages are reconstructed as dispersing to Asia, Afro-Arabia, and North America. The place of origin of Hyainailouroidea is likely Afro-Arabia according to the Bayesian topologies but it is ambiguous using parsimony. All topologies support the constituent clades–Hyainailourinae, Apterodontinae, and Teratodontinae–as Afro-Arabian and tip-dating estimates that each clade is established in Afro-Arabia by the middle Eocene.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2639
Project DOI: 10.7934/P2336, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P2336
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 6157 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 134 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 336 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:115/19 |
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MorphoBank Project 2336
MorphoBank Project 2336
- Creation Date:
26 December 2015 - Publication Date:
06 October 2016 - Project views: 29223
- Matrix downloads: 16
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- Ohio University
- University of California Berkeley
- University of Southern California
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | media notes | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||||||||||
Matthew Borths Project Administrator | 104 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 134 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6157 (6157, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Erik Seiffert Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M24302' (78 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] † Eomaia Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 40 | 96 | 94 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[2] † Maelestes gobiensis Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 31 | 104 | 103 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[3] † Altacreodus Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 51 | 90 | 83 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[4] † Akhnatenavus leptognathus Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 82 | 52 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[5] † Akhnatenavus nefertiticyon Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 43 | 91 | 91 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[6] † Allopterodon torvidus Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 47 | 87 | 87 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[7] † Anasinopa leakeyi Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 53 | 81 | 81 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[8] † Apterodon gaudryi Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 73 | 61 | 61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[9] † Apterodon langebadrae Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 33 | 101 | 101 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[10] † Apterodon macrognathus Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 4 | 130 | 130 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[11] † Arfia gingerichi Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 64 | 70 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[12] † Arfia shoshoniensis Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 44 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[13] † Arfia opisthotoma Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 47 | 87 | 87 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[14] † Boualitomus Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 84 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[15] † Boritia duffaudi Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 81 | 53 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[16] † Brychotherium ephalmos Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 50 | 84 | 84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[17] † Cynohyaenodon Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 26 | 108 | 108 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[18] † Dissopsalis pyroclasticus Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 60 | 74 | 74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[19] † Eoproviverra Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 91 | 43 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[20] † Eurotherium matthesi Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 20 | 114 | 114 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[21] † Eurotherium theriodis Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 32 | 102 | 102 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[22] † Furodon Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 69 | 65 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[23] † Galecyon chronius Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 49 | 85 | 85 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[24] † Galecyon mordax Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 68 | 67 | 66 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[25] † Galecyon morloi Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 76 | 58 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[26] † Galecyon peregrinus Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 89 | 46 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[27] † Gazinocyon vulpeculus Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 37 | 97 | 97 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[28] † Glibzegdouia Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 95 | 39 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[29] † Hemipsalodon Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 33 | 101 | 101 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[30] † Hyaenodon horridus Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 3 | 131 | 131 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[31] † Hyaenodon ergiliyndzo Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 22 | 112 | 112 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[32] † Hyaenodon minor Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 16 | 118 | 118 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[33] † Hyaenodon neimongoliensis Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 64 | 71 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[34] † Hyainailouros sulzeri Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 43 | 91 | 91 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[35] † Indohyaenodon Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 52 | 82 | 82 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[36] † Isohyaenodon pilgrimi Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 69 | 65 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[37] † Kerberos Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 22 | 112 | 112 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[38] † Koholia Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 115 | 19 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[39] † Kyawdawia Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 52 | 82 | 82 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[40] † Lahimia Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 102 | 32 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[41] † Leakitherium hiwegi Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 52 | 82 | 82 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[42] † Lesmesodon Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 79 | 55 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[43] † Limnocyon verus Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 17 | 117 | 117 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[44] † Leonhardtina gracilis Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 41 | 94 | 93 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[45] † Masrasector aegypticum Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 102 | 32 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[46] † Masrasector ligabuei Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 104 | 30 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[47] † Matthodon tritens Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 70 | 64 | 64 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[48] † Megistotherium Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 57 | 77 | 77 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[49] † Metapterodon Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 58 | 76 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[50] † Metasinopa osborni Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 64 | 70 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[51] † Morlodon Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 63 | 71 | 71 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[52] † Orienspterodon dahkoensis Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 63 | 71 | 71 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[53] † Oxyaenoides bicuspidens Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 48 | 86 | 86 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[54] † Oxyaenoides lindgreni Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 76 | 58 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[55] † Paratritemnodon Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 56 | 78 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[56] † Paroxyaena sp Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 52 | 83 | 82 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[57] † Parvagula palulae Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 91 | 43 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[58] † Preregidens langebadrae Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 89 | 45 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[59] † Prolimnocyon atavus Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 32 | 102 | 102 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[60] † Prolimnocyon chowi Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 89 | 45 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[61] † Propterodon tongi Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 82 | 52 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[62] † Propterodon morrisi Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 55 | 79 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[63] † Proviverra Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 41 | 93 | 93 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[64] † Prototomus minimus Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[65] † Prototomus phobos Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 29 | 106 | 105 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[66] † Pterodon africanus Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 31 | 103 | 103 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[67] † Pterodon dasyuroides Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 20 | 115 | 114 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[68] † Pterodon phiomensis Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 80 | 54 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[69] † Pyrocyon strenuus Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 51 | 83 | 83 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[70] † Quasiapterodon Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 51 | 83 | 83 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[71] † Quercytherium simplicidens Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 35 | 99 | 99 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[72] † Quercytherium tenebrosum Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 55 | 80 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[73] † Sinopa grangeri Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 7 | 128 | 127 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[74] † Sinopa jilinia Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 92 | 42 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[75] † Teratodon Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 59 | 75 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[76] † Thinocyon Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 20 | 114 | 114 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[77] † Tinerhodon Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 91 | 43 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[78] † Tritemnodon agilis Last Modified in 10/06/16 | 13 | 121 | 121 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 29223 | |
Project overview | 3399 | |
Documents list | 1469 | |
Media views | 4436 | Media search (3789 views); M406471 (647 views); |
Taxon list | 14414 | |
Specimen list | 2326 | |
Matrix views | 1848 | Matrix landing page (1637 views); Morphological matrix utilized in "Hyainailourine and teratodontine cranial material from the late Eocene of Egypt and the application of parsimony and Bayesian methods to the phylogeny and biogeography of Hyaenodonta (Placentalia, Mammalia)" (211 views); |
Bibliography | 1030 | |
Views for media list | 301 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 245 | |
Project downloads | 226 | |
Document downloads | 3 | Standard Bayesian File (1 download); Character descriptions with citations (2 downloads); |
Matrix downloads | 16 | Morphological matrix utilized in "Hyainailourine and teratodontine cranial material from the late Eocene of Egypt and the application of parsimony and Bayesian methods to the phylogeny and biogeography of Hyaenodonta (Placentalia, Mammalia)" (16 downloads); |