Project 4409: J. A. Doyle. 1996. Seed Plant Phylogeny and the Relationships of Gnetales. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 157 (S6):S3-S39.
Abstract
Most phylogenetic analyses of morphological data agree that Gnetales are a monophyletic group related to angio- sperms and Bennettitales. However, they disagree on whether these groups (anthophytes) are related to coniferopsids or to Mesozoic seed ferns, and thus on whether the flowers of Gnetales are primitively simple or reduced. Molecular analyses indicate that both Gnetales and angiosperms are monophyletic but disagree on their relationship. The conclu- sion of Nixon et al. (1994) that Gnetales are paraphyletic, with angiosperms nested within them, is weakly supported; when several questionable embryological characters are redefined in a neutral manner, Gnetales are inferred to be monophyletic. Jurassic reproductive structures associated with linear leaves and ephedroid pollen (Piroconites) consist of a bract and a scalelike sporophyll covered with Welwitschia-like microsynangia or ovules, recalling the bract- sporophyll complex of glossopterids. An analysis of seed plants incorporating these fossils and other new data links Gnetales with Piroconites, angiosperms with Caytonia, and both groups (plus Bennettitales and Pentoxylon) with glossopterids, making up a clade called the glossophytes. These results imply that glossophytes originally had glos- sopterid-like leaves and bract-sporophyll complexes, which were transformed into carpels with bitegmic ovules in angiosperms, but reduced to single, terminal ovules in Gnetales; flowers arose independently in the two lines. The common ancestor of angiosperms and Gnetales may be as old as Permian, and some of their shared advances, such as double fertilization (without endosperm formation), may have arisen as adaptations to seasonal temperate climates in Gondwana.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1086/297401
Project DOI: 10.7934/P4409, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P4409
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 2467 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 91 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 213 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:91/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 4409
MorphoBank Project 4409
- Creation Date:
18 September 2022 - Publication Date:
25 September 2022 - Project views: 4974
- Matrix downloads: 4
Authors' Institutions
- University of California Davis
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
MorphoBank Curator Project Administrator | 36 | 3 | 3 | 91 | 0 | 0 | 2467 (2467, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
James Doyle Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M28985' (36 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] † Elkinsia Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 38 | 53 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[2] † Lyginopteris Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 31 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[3] † Medullosales Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 29 | 63 | 62 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[4] † Callistophyton Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 31 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[5] † Cordaitales Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 31 | 61 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[6] † Emporia Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 39 | 52 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[7] Pinaceae Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 17 | 75 | 74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[8] Podocarpaceae Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 17 | 75 | 74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[9] Araucariaceae Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 16 | 77 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[10] Taxodiaceae (now part of Cupressaceae) Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 16 | 78 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[11] Cephalotaxus Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 19 | 72 | 72 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[12] Taxaceae Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 21 | 70 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[13] Ginkgoales Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 13 | 80 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[14] † Corystospermales Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 38 | 55 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[15] † Autunia Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 61 | 30 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[16] † Peltaspermum Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 58 | 33 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[17] Cycadales Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 14 | 81 | 77 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[18] † Glossopteridales Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 38 | 55 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[19] † Caytonia Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 52 | 39 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[20] † Bennettitales Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 33 | 61 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[21] † Pentoxylon Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 38 | 53 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[22] † Piroconites Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 64 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[23] Ephedra Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 18 | 73 | 73 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[24] Welwitschia Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 18 | 73 | 73 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[25] Gnetum Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 24 | 67 | 67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[26] Magnoliales Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 4 | 90 | 87 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[27] Eupomatia Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 7 | 84 | 84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[28] Austrobaileya Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 4 | 87 | 87 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[29] Chloranthaceae Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 12 | 81 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[30] Laurales Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 11 | 80 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[31] Winteraceae Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 4 | 87 | 87 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[32] Magnoliophyta (Eudicots) Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 5 | 94 | 86 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[33] Aristolochiaceae Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 6 | 85 | 85 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[34] Piperales Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 7 | 86 | 84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[35] Nymphaeales Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 8 | 87 | 83 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[36] Lilianae Last Modified in 09/18/22 | 11 | 83 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 4974 | |
Matrix views | 260 | Matrix landing page (240 views); Matrix from Doyle - 1996 - nexus file prepared by MB curators from separate text files included as supplementary information of the publication (original files are available in the Documents section) (20 views); |
Documents list | 226 | |
Project overview | 369 | |
Media views | 1247 | Media search (811 views); M846876 (151 views); M846877 (142 views); M846878 (143 views); |
Specimen list | 1040 | |
Taxon list | 1297 | |
Views for media list | 316 | |
Bibliography | 219 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 6 | |
Project downloads | 2 | |
Matrix downloads | 4 | Matrix from Doyle - 1996 - nexus file prepared by MB curators from separate text files included as supplementary information of the publication (original files are available in the Documents section) (4 downloads); |