Project 1021: N. S. Heckeberg. 2017. A Comprehensive Approach towards the Phylogeny and Evolution of Cervidae - Chapter 3. Dissertation, LMU Munich. 1 (1):1-444.
Abstract
Cervidae (deer) belong to Ruminantia together with Tragulidae (chevrotains), Antilocapridae (pronghorns), Moschidae (musk deer), Giraffidae (giraffes), and Bovidae (cattle, sheep, antelopes). After bovids, cervids are the second most diverse group of ruminants and large herbivores in general. Cervids are natively distributed in the Americas, Europe and Asia inhabiting a broad variety of habitats.Antlers, deciduous, osseous branched outgrowths of the frontal bone, are synapomorphic for all living member of Cervidae except for the Chinese water deer, Hydropotes inermis, in which they have presumably been lost. They are unique cranial appendages, which are shed and rebuilt at intervals. The antlerogenic process is controlled by a complex interaction of fluctuating levels of several hormones, most importantly testosterone. The oldest antler remains are recorded from the early Miocene. These have often been interpreted as non-deciduous appendages in the past, because of supposed permanent skin coverage and the lack of a burr. Extensive comparative morphological analyses of external features of the antler and of the abscission area showed that antlers of all extant and of eight Miocene cervid genera, including those of most of the earliest cervids Procervulus,Ligeromeryx, and Lagomeryx were deciduous. This insight is particularly important for the systematic classification of early Miocene species as Cervidae, because the absence of antler shedding and rebuilding would exclude them from the total group Cervidae.Cervid systematics has been puzzling researchers for over 150 years. The initial, gross (sub)classifications based on morphology and comparative anatomy are mostly supported by molecular data. In recent decades, molecular systematics has provided new input, but consensus could only be partially reached. Cervids are traditionally subdivided into two subfamilies, Cervinae, consisting of Muntiacini and Cervini, and Capreolinae, consisting of Alceini, Capreolini, Odocoileini, and Rangiferini. While the systematic relationships within Muntiacini and Cervini are, with very few exceptions, resolved, systematic relationships within Capreolinae are much more controversial. The position of Capreolini and Alceini is uncertain and there are many polyphylies within Odocoileini. The latter is the youngest clade of cervids with a quick diversification rate, which makes resolving the systematic relationships more difficult. Also, the rich fossil record of cervids has never been extensively phylogenetically tested concerning potential systematic relationships of fossil representatives to extant cervid taxa.The aim of this work was to investigate the systematic relationships of extant and fossil cervids using molecular and morphological characters and make implications about their evolutionary history based on the phylogenetic reconstructions.To achieve these objectives, molecular data were compiled primarily from public data bases such as GenBank. Some cervid species still lack molecular data because they are difficult to access in the wild. In order to complement the existing data, partial mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences from museum specimens of five previously unrecorded species were extracted. The resulting data set was so far the most extensive concerning the taxon sampling for cervids.
All molecular data were combined to a data set including 17709 base pairs across five nuclear markers and the complete mitochondrial genome of 50 extant and one fossil cervid species. Several analyses using different data partitions, taxon sampling, partitioning schemes, and optimality criteria were undertaken. Divergence time estimates were undertaken on the molecular data sets using molecular clock node dating.Additionally, the most extensive morphological character matrix for such a broad cervid taxon sampling was compiled. In total 168 cranial and dental characters of 41 extant and 29 fossil cervid species were scored. Due to the highly conservative morphological features of cervids, solving systematic relationships was challenging for both extant and fossil species. However, it was possible to determine several characters useful to diagnose cervid subclades. The morphological and molecular data were combined for a total evidence approach and other phylogenetic testing. A tip dating analyses was also undertaken on the total evidence data set.Molecular topologies were partially in conflict with morphological topologies. Nuclear topologies suggested different systematic relationships for some taxa than the mitochondrial topologies. The combined molecular analyses provided robust topologies. The total evidence analyses were less robust and still contained large areas of unresolved taxa. Alternative approaches to combine both data sets and fossil and extant taxa were more useful. The two different divergence time estimate approaches provided differing but feasible results for each approach.
The results showed that most of the Miocene cervids were considered to be more closely related to each other than to any other cervid. They were positioned either between the outgroup and all other cervids or as the sister taxon to Muntiacini. Two Miocene cervids were frequently placed within Muntiacini. Plio- and Pleistocene cervids could often be affiliated to Cervini, Odocoileini or Capreolini. Their morphology is more similar to extant cervids than the morphology of most Miocene cervids.The phylogenetic analyses of this work provide new insights into the evolutionary history of cervids. New systematic relationships were observed, some uncertainties persist and resolving phylogenetic relationships within certain taxa remain challenging. The analyses on the extensive data sets presented here concretised systematic problems and uncertainties, which can now better be targeted with phylogenetic approaches. Several fossil cervids could be successfully related to living representatives, confirming previously assumed affiliations based on qualitative comparisons and introducing new hypotheses.
Cervid systematics remains an interesting and fascinating area of research with exciting new results to be expected in the future.
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Project DOI: 10.7934/P1021, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P1021
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 13315 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 168 Total characters with associated media: 1 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 411 Total character states with associated media: 319 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:168/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 1021
MorphoBank Project 1021
- Creation Date:
16 September 2013 - Publication Date:
29 November 2017 - Project views: 321316
- Media downloads: 1229
- Matrix downloads: 70
Authors' Institutions
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | media notes | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||||||||||
Nicola Heckeberg Project Administrator | 160 | 704 | 837 | 0 | 168 | 3 | 93 | 335 | 0 | 13315 (10674, 2398, 243) | 3 | 149 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Robert Asher Observer | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Gertrud Rössner Observer | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M2420' (78 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Alces alces Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 89 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[2] Axis axis Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 89 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[3] Axis porcinus Last Modified in 01/09/14 | 0 | 90 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[4] Blastocerus dichotomus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 88 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[5] Capreolus capreolus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 91 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[6] Capreolus pygargus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 90 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[7] Cervus canadensis Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 88 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[8] Cervus elaphus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 90 | 89 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[9] Cervus nippon Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 90 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[10] Dama dama Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 88 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[11] Elaphodus cephalophus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 91 | 87 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[12] Elaphurus davidianus Last Modified in 01/14/15 | 0 | 89 | 88 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[13] Hippocamelus antisensis Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 91 | 89 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[14] Hippocamelus bisulcus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 90 | 89 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[15] Hydropotes inermis Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 70 | 70 | 1 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[16] Mazama americana Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 89 | 86 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[17] Mazama bricenii Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 84 | 84 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[18] Mazama chunyi Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 85 | 85 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[19] Mazama gouazoubira Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 86 | 86 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[20] Mazama nemorivaga Last Modified in 02/26/14 | 0 | 84 | 84 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[21] Mazama rufina Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 83 | 83 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[22] Muntiacus atherodes Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 87 | 86 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[23] Muntiacus crinifrons Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 86 | 85 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[24] Muntiacus feae Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 90 | 86 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[25] Muntiacus muntjak Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 90 | 88 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[26] Muntiacus reevesi Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 88 | 88 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[27] Muntiacus truongsonensis Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 84 | 83 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[28] Muntiacus vuquangensis Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 87 | 87 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[29] Odocoileus hemionus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 89 | 88 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[30] Odocoileus virginianus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 89 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[31] Ozotoceros bezoarticus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 89 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[32] Cervus albirostris Last Modified in 11/27/17 | 0 | 83 | 83 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[33] Pudu puda Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 88 | 86 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[34] Rangifer tarandus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 91 | 89 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[35] Rucervus duvaucelii Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 89 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[36] Rucervus eldii Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 89 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[37] Rucervus schomburgki Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 90 | 89 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[38] Rusa alfredi Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 87 | 85 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[39] Rusa marianna Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 89 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[40] Rusa timorensis Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 87 | 86 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[41] Rusa unicolor Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 90 | 89 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[42] † Arvernoceros ardei Last Modified in 08/11/15 | 0 | 25 | 23 | 64 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[43] † Axis lydekkeri Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 69 | 69 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[44] † Candiacervus ropalophorus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 84 | 83 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[45] † Cervus australis Last Modified in 11/19/14 | 0 | 20 | 19 | 69 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[46] † Cervus perolensis Last Modified in 11/19/14 | 0 | 11 | 10 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[47] † Cervus philisi Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 59 | 57 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[48] † Cervus sivalensis Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 41 | 41 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[49] † Croizetoceros ramosus Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 24 | 24 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[50] † Dicrocerus elegans Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 47 | 45 | 42 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[51] † Eostyloceros hezhengensis Last Modified in 10/14/15 | 0 | 22 | 20 | 66 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[52] † Eucladoceros ctenoides Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 73 | 68 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[53] † Euprox furcatus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 25 | 23 | 63 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[54] † Heteroprox larteti Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 32 | 28 | 58 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[55] † Lagomeryx parvulus Last Modified in 10/12/15 | 0 | 13 | 12 | 75 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[56] † Ligeromeryx praestans Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 14 | 13 | 74 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[57] † Metacervocerus pardinensis Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 11 | 9 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[58] † Metacervocerus rhenanus Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 28 | 28 | 61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[59] † Megaloceros giganteus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 90 | 88 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[60] † Muntiacus (RGM) muntjak Last Modified in 11/19/14 | 0 | 9 | 9 | 79 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[61] † Odocoileus (NHM) Last Modified in 11/19/14 | 0 | 26 | 25 | 63 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[62] † Odocoileus virginianus (bspg) Last Modified in 11/29/17 | 0 | 41 | 40 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[63] † Palaeoplatyceros hispanicus Last Modified in 11/19/14 | 0 | 16 | 16 | 72 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[64] † Pliocervus matheroni Last Modified in 10/15/15 | 0 | 12 | 6 | 77 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[65] † Praeelaphus etueriarum Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 9 | 8 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[66] † Praeelaphus perrieri Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 11 | 9 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[67] † Procapreolus cusanus Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 31 | 29 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[68] † Procervulus dichotomus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 73 | 71 | 16 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[69] † Procervulus praelucidus Last Modified in 02/14/14 | 0 | 15 | 15 | 73 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[70] † Rusa kendengensis Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 15 | 14 | 74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[71] † Dremotherium feignouxi Last Modified in 10/03/14 | 0 | 31 | 31 | 39 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[72] † Hypertragulus calcaratus Last Modified in 10/03/14 | 0 | 40 | 40 | 30 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[73] Antilocapra americana Last Modified in 10/03/14 | 0 | 66 | 66 | 4 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[74] Boselaphus tragocamelus Last Modified in 10/03/14 | 0 | 65 | 65 | 5 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[75] Hyemoschus aquaticus Last Modified in 02/26/14 | 0 | 63 | 63 | 7 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[76] Moschus moschiferus Last Modified in 10/03/14 | 0 | 69 | 69 | 1 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[77] Okapia johnstoni Last Modified in 10/03/14 | 0 | 67 | 66 | 4 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[78] Tragelaphus scriptus Last Modified in 10/03/14 | 0 | 68 | 68 | 2 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M2449' (78 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Alces alces Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 81 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[2] Axis axis Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 82 | 78 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[3] Axis porcinus Last Modified in 01/09/14 | 0 | 82 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[4] Blastocerus dichotomus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 88 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[5] Capreolus capreolus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 85 | 76 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[6] Capreolus pygargus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 82 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[7] Cervus canadensis Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 79 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[8] Cervus elaphus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 84 | 78 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[9] Cervus nippon Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 79 | 78 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[10] Dama dama Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 79 | 78 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[11] Elaphodus cephalophus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 80 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[12] Elaphurus davidianus Last Modified in 01/14/15 | 0 | 82 | 78 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[13] Hippocamelus antisensis Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 80 | 78 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[14] Hippocamelus bisulcus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 79 | 76 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[15] Hydropotes inermis Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 80 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[16] Mazama americana Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 80 | 76 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[17] Mazama bricenii Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 78 | 78 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[18] Mazama chunyi Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 79 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[19] Mazama gouazoubira Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 83 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[20] Mazama nemorivaga Last Modified in 02/26/14 | 0 | 78 | 78 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[21] Mazama rufina Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 78 | 78 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[22] Muntiacus atherodes Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 77 | 77 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[23] Muntiacus crinifrons Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 51 | 51 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[24] Muntiacus feae Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 77 | 75 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[25] Muntiacus muntjak Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 90 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[26] Muntiacus reevesi Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 85 | 73 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[27] Muntiacus truongsonensis Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 60 | 60 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[28] Muntiacus vuquangensis Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 77 | 77 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[29] Odocoileus hemionus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 89 | 72 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[30] Odocoileus virginianus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 81 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[31] Ozotoceros bezoarticus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 81 | 78 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[32] Cervus albirostris Last Modified in 11/27/17 | 0 | 71 | 71 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[33] Pudu puda Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 81 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[34] Rangifer tarandus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 83 | 73 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[35] Rucervus duvaucelii Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 81 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[36] Rucervus eldii Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 80 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[37] Rucervus schomburgki Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 59 | 58 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[38] Rusa alfredi Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 81 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[39] Rusa marianna Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 83 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[40] Rusa timorensis Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 84 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[41] Rusa unicolor Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 88 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[42] † Arvernoceros ardei Last Modified in 08/11/15 | 0 | 74 | 61 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[43] † Axis lydekkeri Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 66 | 61 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[44] † Candiacervus ropalophorus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 76 | 70 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[45] † Cervus australis Last Modified in 11/19/14 | 0 | 40 | 39 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[46] † Cervus perolensis Last Modified in 11/19/14 | 0 | 73 | 72 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[47] † Cervus philisi Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 80 | 76 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[48] † Cervus sivalensis Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 40 | 38 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[49] † Croizetoceros ramosus Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 73 | 70 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[50] † Dicrocerus elegans Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 77 | 71 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[51] † Eostyloceros hezhengensis Last Modified in 10/14/15 | 0 | 29 | 29 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[52] † Eucladoceros ctenoides Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 80 | 75 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[53] † Euprox furcatus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 69 | 63 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[54] † Heteroprox larteti Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 58 | 53 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[55] † Lagomeryx parvulus Last Modified in 10/12/15 | 0 | 73 | 67 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[56] † Ligeromeryx praestans Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 37 | 35 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[57] † Megaloceros giganteus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 83 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[58] † Metacervocerus pardinensis Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 72 | 72 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[59] † Metacervocerus rhenanus Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 74 | 73 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[60] † Muntiacus (RGM) muntjak Last Modified in 11/19/14 | 0 | 64 | 64 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[61] † Odocoileus (NHM) Last Modified in 11/19/14 | 0 | 61 | 58 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[62] † Odocoileus virginianus (bspg) Last Modified in 11/29/17 | 0 | 36 | 35 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[63] † Palaeoplatyceros hispanicus Last Modified in 11/19/14 | 0 | 45 | 43 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[64] † Pliocervus matheroni Last Modified in 10/15/15 | 0 | 59 | 54 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[65] † Praeelaphus etueriarum Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 66 | 66 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[66] † Praeelaphus perrieri Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 73 | 72 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[67] † Procapreolus cusanus Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 64 | 39 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[68] † Procervulus dichotomus Last Modified in 12/24/13 | 0 | 71 | 70 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[69] † Procervulus praelucidus Last Modified in 02/14/14 | 0 | 75 | 68 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[70] † Rusa kendengensis Last Modified in 10/07/15 | 0 | 58 | 57 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[71] † Dremotherium feignouxi Last Modified in 10/03/14 | 0 | 73 | 72 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[72] † Hypertragulus calcaratus Last Modified in 10/03/14 | 0 | 45 | 45 | 22 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[73] Antilocapra americana Last Modified in 10/03/14 | 0 | 74 | 74 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[74] Boselaphus tragocamelus Last Modified in 10/03/14 | 0 | 70 | 70 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[75] Hyemoschus aquaticus Last Modified in 02/26/14 | 0 | 66 | 66 | 2 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[76] Moschus moschiferus Last Modified in 10/03/14 | 0 | 79 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[77] Okapia johnstoni Last Modified in 10/03/14 | 0 | 79 | 78 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[78] Tragelaphus scriptus Last Modified in 10/03/14 | 0 | 73 | 73 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
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Project overview | 4416 | |
Media views | 74269 | Media search (4969 views); M461040 (361 views); M461050 (353 views); M460977 (438 views); M461005 (385 views); M460967 (447 views); M460971 (439 views); M461030 (370 views); M461021 (371 views); M461057 (342 views); M460996 (437 views); M461002 (399 views); M460993 (446 views); M461053 (338 views); M461052 (345 views); M461042 (348 views); M461023 (365 views); M460974 (447 views); M460959 (453 views); M461015 (351 views); M461059 (357 views); M461051 (344 views); M461010 (373 views); M461009 (369 views); M460981 (418 views); M461025 (335 views); M461000 (436 views); M460963 (442 views); M460994 (491 views); M461019 (330 views); M461031 (352 views); M461006 (405 views); M460991 (459 views); M460987 (426 views); M460970 (450 views); M461027 (365 views); M461024 (348 views); M461048 (387 views); M461020 (361 views); M460966 (476 views); M460965 (456 views); M461026 (349 views); M460992 (455 views); M461055 (413 views); M460975 (450 views); M460972 (460 views); M461036 (341 views); M461016 (357 views); M461032 (439 views); M460978 (428 views); M461001 (420 views); M461014 (381 views); M461033 (349 views); M460988 (469 views); M460983 (469 views); M460997 (443 views); M461041 (353 views); M460962 (420 views); M461007 (385 views); M461049 (344 views); M461054 (333 views); M461039 (369 views); M461058 (353 views); M461046 (365 views); M461044 (357 views); M460986 (458 views); M460984 (424 views); M460960 (444 views); M461004 (381 views); M461037 (378 views); M461012 (335 views); M461018 (366 views); M460969 (443 views); M461043 (344 views); M461008 (406 views); M460989 (442 views); M461017 (343 views); M461047 (353 views); M461013 (359 views); M461034 (369 views); M460999 (444 views); M461011 (341 views); M460973 (442 views); M461022 (409 views); M460976 (449 views); M460990 (514 views); M460980 (444 views); M461038 (345 views); M461028 (359 views); M461056 (368 views); M461003 (378 views); M460964 (443 views); M461029 (357 views); M461045 (362 views); M460968 (444 views); M460985 (427 views); M460961 (461 views); M460979 (439 views); M460982 (437 views); M461035 (345 views); M460998 (449 views); M461092 (206 views); M461060 (229 views); M461110 (234 views); M461177 (221 views); M461102 (226 views); M461170 (220 views); M461068 (227 views); M461141 (226 views); M461164 (215 views); M461103 (225 views); M461083 (226 views); M461181 (218 views); M461154 (212 views); M461080 (220 views); M461160 (216 views); M461180 (229 views); M461097 (205 views); M461149 (223 views); M461159 (219 views); M461098 (242 views); M461156 (235 views); M461165 (201 views); M461113 (226 views); M461061 (238 views); M461151 (215 views); M461162 (213 views); M461139 (220 views); M461087 (236 views); M461131 (222 views); M461175 (232 views); M461126 (221 views); M461138 (222 views); M461100 (222 views); M461178 (228 views); M461161 (217 views); M461176 (224 views); M461153 (220 views); M461106 (214 views); M461129 (223 views); M461094 (225 views); M461184 (204 views); M461128 (218 views); M461071 (237 views); M461065 (233 views); M461163 (210 views); M461085 (213 views); M461155 (227 views); M461062 (239 views); M461078 (230 views); M461091 (224 views); M461074 (220 views); M461166 (214 views); M461095 (237 views); M461147 (222 views); M461140 (216 views); M461120 (227 views); M461179 (204 views); M461104 (226 views); M461137 (219 views); M461079 (217 views); M461117 (222 views); M461174 (197 views); M461063 (219 views); M461111 (279 views); M461119 (252 views); M461089 (218 views); M461105 (224 views); M461171 (216 views); M461150 (220 views); M461146 (230 views); M461070 (224 views); M461130 (214 views); M461090 (220 views); M461152 (222 views); M461101 (231 views); M461109 (208 views); M461064 (223 views); M461145 (222 views); M461086 (219 views); M461115 (225 views); M461114 (210 views); M461099 (221 views); M461093 (225 views); M461088 (209 views); M461122 (221 views); M461123 (215 views); M461148 (225 views); M461072 (259 views); M461066 (209 views); M461135 (222 views); M461107 (227 views); M461127 (222 views); M461081 (247 views); M461118 (199 views); M461136 (229 views); M461158 (228 views); M461073 (222 views); M461112 (220 views); M461144 (207 views); M461157 (223 views); M461121 (205 views); M461173 (213 views); M461183 (228 views); M461134 (222 views); M461067 (221 views); M461096 (218 views); M461133 (225 views); M461075 (206 views); M461167 (196 views); M461124 (225 views); M461125 (245 views); M461142 (230 views); M461108 (234 views); M461077 (217 views); M461082 (232 views); M461182 (231 views); M461132 (217 views); M461143 (223 views); M461168 (209 views); M461076 (211 views); M461069 (225 views); M461172 (216 views); M461116 (222 views); M461169 (204 views); M461084 (199 views); M461340 (4 views); M461531 (8 views); M461586 (7 views); M461603 (6 views); M461712 (336 views); M461298 (3 views); M461299 (2 views); M461300 (3 views); M461303 (2 views); M461308 (4 views); M461307 (3 views); M461306 (2 views); M461304 (4 views); M461344 (3 views); M461345 (3 views); M461351 (2 views); M461353 (2 views); M461352 (15 views); M461346 (3 views); M461347 (2 views); M461349 (3 views); M461350 (2 views); M461348 (5 views); M461395 (3 views); M461400 (2 views); M461409 (4 views); M461411 (5 views); M461419 (3 views); M461422 (3 views); M461424 (3 views); M461436 (3 views); M461437 (5 views); M461438 (4 views); M461522 (2 views); M461672 (3 views); M461666 (4 views); M461702 (2 views); M461703 (3 views); M461717 (2 views); M461718 (2 views); M461723 (6 views); M461724 (2 views); M461725 (2 views); M461721 (2 views); M461722 (2 views); M461720 (3 views); M461715 (2 views); M461714 (2 views); M461713 (4 views); M461704 (2 views); M461705 (2 views); M461706 (3 views); M461707 (2 views); M461708 (2 views); M461709 (2 views); M461710 (3 views); M461711 (2 views); M461701 (5 views); M461410 (2 views); M461412 (2 views); M461413 (2 views); M461414 (3 views); M461415 (2 views); M461416 (2 views); M461417 (2 views); M461418 (2 views); M461420 (3 views); M461421 (2 views); M461423 (4 views); M461425 (3 views); M461426 (2 views); M461427 (2 views); M461428 (2 views); M461429 (3 views); M461430 (2 views); M461431 (2 views); M461432 (2 views); M461433 (2 views); M461434 (2 views); M461435 (2 views); M461408 (2 views); M461407 (3 views); M461406 (4 views); M461381 (5 views); M461250 (2 views); M461399 (2 views); M461882 (4 views); M461868 (3 views); M461869 (3 views); M461870 (2 views); M461871 (2 views); M461872 (2 views); M461873 (2 views); M461874 (2 views); M461875 (2 views); M461876 (2 views); M461877 (2 views); M461878 (2 views); M461879 (2 views); M461880 (2 views); M461881 (2 views); M461883 (2 views); M461210 (3 views); M461211 (6 views); M461217 (4 views); M461216 (5 views); M461221 (5 views); M461222 (4 views); M461255 (2 views); M461238 (3 views); M461339 (3 views); M461343 (4 views); M461856 (7 views); M461865 (8 views); M461867 (10 views); M462098 (7 views); M461336 (8 views); M461328 (10 views); M461536 (5 views); M461530 (4 views); M461532 (5 views); M461533 (4 views); M461534 (2 views); M461535 (2 views); M461590 (2 views); M461593 (3 views); M461594 (4 views); M461595 (5 views); M461596 (4 views); M461597 (4 views); M461598 (4 views); M461599 (2 views); M461600 (2 views); M461601 (2 views); M461602 (2 views); M461604 (2 views); M461605 (2 views); M461606 (2 views); M461607 (2 views); M461608 (2 views); M461753 (3 views); M461754 (3 views); M461755 (2 views); M461756 (2 views); M461757 (2 views); M461758 (2 views); M461759 (4 views); M461760 (2 views); M461761 (4 views); M461762 (3 views); M461763 (2 views); M461764 (6 views); M461765 (2 views); M461766 (2 views); M461767 (3 views); M461768 (3 views); M461769 (5 views); M461770 (3 views); M461771 (2 views); M461772 (2 views); M461700 (4 views); M461341 (2 views); M461371 (2 views); M461372 (2 views); M461375 (2 views); M461378 (2 views); M466069 (2 views); M466071 (1 view); M461275 (3 views); M461274 (4 views); M461276 (4 views); M461639 (3 views); M461647 (4 views); M461652 (5 views); M461654 (2 views); M466065 (2 views); M461321 (3 views); M461327 (4 views); M461515 (4 views); M461508 (7 views); M461296 (3 views); M461581 (2 views); M461583 (3 views); M461584 (2 views); M461592 (2 views); M461507 (4 views); M461510 (3 views); M461511 (3 views); M461512 (3 views); M461513 (3 views); M461514 (4 views); M461326 (4 views); M461335 (4 views); M461287 (5 views); M461288 (4 views); M461290 (3 views); M461291 (3 views); M461285 (3 views); M461215 (3 views); M461209 (5 views); M461212 (5 views); M461213 (3 views); M461650 (4 views); M461653 (2 views); M461656 (2 views); M461658 (2 views); M461663 (2 views); M461286 (5 views); M461293 (3 views); M461208 (2 views); M461229 (9 views); M461225 (5 views); M461226 (6 views); M461252 (4 views); M461251 (2 views); M461241 (2 views); M461247 (2 views); M461202 (2 views); M461232 (4 views); M461194 (2 views); M461236 (3 views); M461223 (4 views); M461235 (5 views); M461190 (2 views); M461186 (3 views); M461187 (2 views); M461203 (3 views); M461196 (2 views); M461342 (2 views); M461742 (3 views); M461234 (2 views); M461207 (4 views); M461244 (4 views); M461204 (3 views); M461227 (3 views); M461199 (6 views); M461228 (9 views); M461451 (2 views); M461695 (9 views); M466084 (4 views); M466088 (3 views); M461798 (17 views); M461795 (3 views); M461780 (4 views); M461295 (3 views); M461198 (3 views); M461206 (3 views); M461205 (3 views); M461224 (4 views); M461694 (15 views); M461776 (3 views); M461778 (6 views); M461219 (4 views); M461309 (4 views); M461246 (2 views); M461249 (2 views); M461256 (5 views); M461259 (11 views); M461231 (4 views); M461197 (4 views); M461858 (3 views); M466104 (5 views); M466108 (4 views); M461214 (3 views); M461777 (3 views); M461800 (9 views); M461790 (5 views); M461310 (2 views); M461788 (2 views); M461792 (2 views); M461793 (2 views); M461796 (2 views); M461799 (3 views); M461801 (2 views); M461773 (2 views); M461774 (2 views); M461775 (2 views); M461779 (2 views); M461781 (5 views); M461783 (3 views); M461784 (3 views); M461786 (3 views); M461787 (2 views); M466070 (1 view); M466081 (2 views); M466091 (2 views); M461289 (2 views); M461292 (2 views); M461294 (2 views); M461855 (3 views); M461859 (2 views); M461861 (2 views); M461862 (2 views); M461863 (3 views); M461864 (2 views); M461842 (3 views); M461840 (2 views); M461843 (2 views); M461845 (2 views); M461847 (2 views); M461849 (2 views); M461850 (2 views); M461851 (2 views); M461852 (3 views); M461853 (2 views); M461854 (2 views); M461816 (2 views); M461818 (2 views); M461819 (2 views); M461820 (2 views); M461823 (2 views); M461824 (4 views); M461825 (2 views); M461826 (2 views); M461827 (2 views); M461828 (2 views); M461831 (2 views); M461832 (2 views); M461835 (2 views); M461836 (2 views); M461837 (2 views); M461838 (2 views); M461839 (2 views); M461324 (2 views); M461325 (2 views); M461329 (3 views); M461330 (2 views); M461331 (2 views); M461200 (3 views); M466072 (1 view); M461741 (2 views); M466098 (2 views); M466100 (10 views); M466102 (2 views); M466107 (2 views); M466114 (2 views); M466115 (2 views); M466118 (2 views); M461502 (2 views); M461503 (2 views); M461504 (2 views); M461505 (2 views); M461516 (2 views); M461698 (3 views); M461379 (2 views); M461821 (2 views); M461237 (2 views); M461257 (2 views); M466093 (4 views); M461254 (2 views); M461258 (2 views); M461676 (2 views); M461473 (2 views); M461472 (2 views); M461471 (2 views); M461220 (2 views); M461644 (3 views); M461690 (4 views); M461677 (4 views); M461687 (4 views); M461637 (4 views); M461661 (4 views); M461648 (4 views); M461678 (2 views); M461646 (4 views); M461651 (3 views); M461681 (2 views); M461642 (2 views); M461452 (3 views); M461474 (4 views); M461484 (5 views); M461495 (4 views); M461467 (3 views); M461486 (2 views); M461497 (2 views); M461441 (2 views); M461185 (1 view); M461188 (1 view); M461191 (1 view); M461189 (1 view); M461192 (1 view); M461193 (1 view); M461195 (1 view); M461201 (2 views); M461218 (1 view); M461230 (1 view); M461233 (1 view); M461239 (1 view); M461242 (1 view); M461240 (1 view); M461243 (1 view); M461245 (1 view); M461248 (1 view); M461253 (1 view); M461260 (1 view); M461261 (1 view); M461271 (1 view); M461272 (1 view); M461273 (1 view); M461280 (1 view); M461277 (1 view); M461278 (1 view); M461279 (1 view); M461281 (1 view); M461282 (1 view); M461283 (1 view); M461284 (1 view); M461297 (1 view); M461301 (1 view); M461302 (1 view); M461305 (1 view); M461322 (1 view); M461323 (1 view); M461332 (1 view); M461333 (1 view); M461334 (1 view); M461337 (1 view); M461338 (1 view); M461367 (2 views); M461368 (1 view); M461369 (1 view); M461370 (1 view); M461373 (1 view); M461374 (1 view); M461376 (1 view); M461377 (1 view); M461380 (1 view); M461382 (1 view); M461383 (1 view); M461384 (1 view); M461385 (1 view); M461387 (1 view); M461386 (1 view); M461388 (1 view); M461389 (1 view); M461390 (1 view); M461391 (1 view); M461392 (1 view); M461393 (1 view); M461394 (1 view); M461396 (1 view); M461397 (1 view); M461398 (1 view); M461401 (1 view); M461402 (1 view); M461403 (1 view); M461404 (1 view); M461405 (1 view); M461439 (1 view); M461440 (1 view); M461442 (1 view); M461443 (1 view); M461447 (1 view); M461445 (1 view); M461444 (1 view); M461446 (1 view); M461448 (1 view); M461449 (1 view); M461450 (1 view); M461466 (1 view); M461465 (1 view); M461468 (1 view); M461469 (1 view); M461470 (1 view); M461475 (1 view); M461476 (2 views); M461477 (1 view); M461478 (1 view); M461479 (1 view); M461480 (1 view); M461481 (1 view); M461483 (1 view); M461482 (1 view); M461485 (1 view); M461487 (1 view); M461488 (1 view); M461489 (1 view); M461490 (1 view); M461491 (1 view); M461492 (1 view); M461493 (1 view); M461494 (1 view); M461496 (1 view); M461498 (1 view); M461499 (1 view); M461500 (1 view); M461501 (1 view); M461506 (1 view); M461509 (1 view); M461517 (1 view); M461518 (1 view); M461519 (1 view); M461520 (1 view); M461521 (1 view); M461523 (1 view); M461524 (1 view); M461525 (1 view); M461526 (1 view); M461527 (1 view); M461528 (1 view); M461529 (1 view); M461580 (1 view); M461582 (1 view); M461585 (1 view); M461587 (1 view); M461588 (1 view); M461589 (1 view); M461591 (1 view); M461638 (1 view); M461640 (1 view); M461641 (1 view); M461643 (1 view); M461645 (1 view); M461649 (1 view); M461655 (1 view); M461657 (1 view); M461659 (1 view); M461660 (1 view); M461662 (1 view); M461664 (1 view); M461665 (1 view); M461667 (1 view); M461668 (1 view); M461669 (1 view); M461670 (1 view); M461671 (1 view); M461673 (1 view); M461674 (1 view); M461675 (1 view); M461679 (1 view); M461680 (1 view); M461682 (1 view); M461683 (1 view); M461684 (1 view); M461685 (1 view); M461686 (1 view); M461688 (1 view); M461689 (1 view); M461691 (1 view); M461692 (1 view); M461693 (1 view); M461697 (1 view); M461699 (1 view); M461716 (1 view); M461719 (1 view); M461743 (1 view); M461744 (1 view); M461745 (1 view); M461746 (1 view); M461747 (1 view); M461748 (1 view); M461749 (1 view); M461750 (1 view); M461751 (1 view); M461752 (1 view); M461782 (1 view); M461785 (1 view); M461789 (1 view); M461791 (2 views); M461794 (1 view); M461797 (1 view); M461817 (1 view); M461822 (1 view); M461829 (1 view); M461834 (1 view); M461830 (1 view); M461833 (1 view); M461841 (1 view); M461844 (1 view); M461846 (1 view); M461848 (1 view); M461860 (1 view); M461857 (1 view); M461866 (1 view); M466066 (1 view); M466067 (1 view); M466068 (1 view); M466078 (1 view); M466075 (1 view); M466074 (1 view); M466076 (1 view); M466079 (1 view); M466080 (1 view); M466077 (1 view); M466082 (1 view); M466083 (1 view); M466089 (1 view); M466085 (1 view); M466090 (1 view); M466092 (1 view); M466087 (1 view); M466094 (1 view); M466096 (1 view); M466095 (1 view); M466086 (1 view); M466097 (1 view); M466099 (1 view); M466103 (1 view); M466101 (1 view); M466105 (1 view); M466106 (1 view); M466109 (1 view); M466110 (1 view); M466111 (1 view); M466112 (1 view); M466113 (1 view); M466116 (1 view); M466117 (1 view); M466119 (1 view); M466120 (1 view); |
Matrix views | 2077 | Matrix landing page (1556 views); Cranial characters - Cervidae (236 views); Dentition characters - Cervidae (285 views); |
Taxon list | 7815 | |
Specimen list | 228480 | |
Views for media list | 3365 | |
Bibliography | 871 | |
Documents list | 23 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 1546 | |
Project downloads | 247 | |
Matrix downloads | 70 | Cranial characters - Cervidae (40 downloads); Dentition characters - Cervidae (30 downloads); |
Media downloads | 1229 | M461712 (5 downloads); M461033 (2 downloads); M461034 (2 downloads); M461035 (2 downloads); M461036 (2 downloads); M461037 (2 downloads); M461038 (2 downloads); M461039 (3 downloads); M461040 (3 downloads); M461041 (2 downloads); M461042 (2 downloads); M461043 (2 downloads); M461044 (2 downloads); M461045 (2 downloads); M461046 (2 downloads); M461047 (2 downloads); M461048 (4 downloads); M461868 (2 downloads); M461869 (2 downloads); M461870 (2 downloads); M461871 (2 downloads); M461872 (2 downloads); M461873 (2 downloads); M461874 (2 downloads); M461875 (2 downloads); M461876 (2 downloads); M461877 (2 downloads); M461878 (2 downloads); M461879 (2 downloads); M461880 (2 downloads); M461881 (2 downloads); M461882 (2 downloads); M461883 (2 downloads); M461706 (2 downloads); M461340 (2 downloads); M461339 (2 downloads); M461343 (2 downloads); M461536 (2 downloads); M461530 (2 downloads); M461535 (2 downloads); M461534 (2 downloads); M461533 (2 downloads); M461532 (2 downloads); 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