Project 1126: C. Foth, H. Tischlinger, O. W. M. Rauhut. 2014. New specimen of Archaeopteryx provides insights into the evolution of pennaceous feathers. Nature. 511:79-82.
Abstract
Discoveries of bird-like theropod dinosaurs and basal avialans in the past decades have helped to put the iconic ‘Urvogel’ Archaeopteryx into context and have yielded important new data on the origin and early evolution of feathers. However, the biological context under which pennaceous feathers evolved is still debated. Here we describe a new specimen of Archaeopteryx with extensive feather preservation, not only on the wings and tail, but also the body and legs. The new specimen shows that the entire body was covered in pennaceous feathers and the hindlimbs had long, symmetrical feathers along the tibiotarsus, but short feathers on the tarsometatarsus. Furthermore, the wing plumage demonstrates that several recent interpretations are problematic. An analysis of the phylogenetic distribution of pennaceous feathers on the tail, hindlimb and arms of advanced maniraptorans and basal avialans strongly indicates that these structures evolved in a functional context other than flight, most probably in relation to display as suggested by some previous studies. Pennaceous feathers thus represented an exaptation and were later, in several lineages and following different patterns, recruited for aerodynamic functions. This indicates that the origin of flight in avialans was more complex then previously thought and might have involved several convergent achievements of aerial abilities.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1038/nature13467
Project DOI: 10.7934/P1126, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P1126
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File ![]() | Total scored cells: 29832 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 560 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 1278 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:494/66 |
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MorphoBank Project 1126
MorphoBank Project 1126
- Creation Date:
27 January 2014 - Publication Date:
03 July 2014 - Project views: 47140
- Media downloads: 8
- Matrix downloads: 48
Authors' Institutions
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen
- Bayerische Staatssammlung fuer Palaeontologie und Geologie
Members
member name | taxa ![]() |
specimens ![]() |
media ![]() | chars ![]() | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules ![]() | ||||||
Christian Foth Project Administrator | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Maureen Admin Full membership ![]() | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
MorphoBank Curator Full membership ![]() | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Oliver Rauhut Full membership ![]() | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M26929' (132 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells ![]() |
no cell support ![]() |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] † Allosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 48 | 515 | 512 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[2] † Sinraptor Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 164 | 396 | 396 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[3] † Dilong Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 163 | 397 | 397 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[4] † Eotyrannus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 426 | 134 | 134 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[5] † Tyrannosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 66 | 495 | 494 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[6] † Gorgosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 69 | 491 | 491 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[7] † Tanycolagreus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 399 | 161 | 161 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[8] † Coelurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 387 | 174 | 173 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[9] † Ornitholestes Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 206 | 355 | 354 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[10] † Huaxiagnathus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 266 | 295 | 294 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[11] † Sinosauropteryx Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 242 | 319 | 318 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[12] † Deinocheirus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 506 | 54 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[13] † Harpymimus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 259 | 302 | 301 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[14] † Pelecanimimus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 390 | 170 | 170 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[15] † Shenzhousaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 366 | 194 | 194 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[16] † Archaeornithomimus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 319 | 243 | 241 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[17] † Garudimimus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 258 | 302 | 302 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[18] † Anserimimus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 446 | 114 | 114 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[19] † Ornithomimus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 146 | 415 | 414 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[20] † Struthiomimus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 134 | 427 | 426 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[21] † Gallimimus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 98 | 465 | 462 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[22] † Falcarius Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 347 | 213 | 213 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[23] † Beipiaosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 476 | 84 | 84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[24] † Alxasaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 389 | 172 | 171 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[25] † Nothronychus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 476 | 84 | 84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[26] † Erliansaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 492 | 68 | 68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[27] † Nanshiungosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 522 | 38 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[28] † Neimongosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 441 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[29] † Segnosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 411 | 149 | 149 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[30] † Erlikosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 337 | 223 | 223 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[31] † Therizinosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 517 | 43 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[32] † Protarchaeopteryx Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 421 | 139 | 139 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[33] † Elmisaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 515 | 45 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[34] † Rinchenia Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 420 | 140 | 140 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[35] † Khaan Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 176 | 385 | 384 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[36] † Citipati Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 65 | 497 | 495 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[37] † Ingenia Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 219 | 343 | 341 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[38] † Heyuannia Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 414 | 146 | 146 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[39] † Byronosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 433 | 128 | 127 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[40] † Sinornithoides Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 261 | 300 | 299 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[41] † IGM100/44 Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 496 | 64 | 64 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[42] † Troodon Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 346 | 214 | 214 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[43] † Saurornithoides Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 356 | 204 | 204 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[44] † Zanabazar Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 379 | 182 | 181 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[45] † Buitreraptor Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 262 | 299 | 298 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[46] † Austroraptor Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 445 | 116 | 115 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[47] † Rahonavis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 374 | 187 | 186 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[48] † Bambiraptor Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 88 | 472 | 472 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[49] † Sinornithosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 215 | 351 | 345 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[50] † Microraptor Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 220 | 343 | 340 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[51] † Adasaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 310 | 252 | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[52] † Velociraptor Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 40 | 522 | 520 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[53] † Saurornitholestes Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 381 | 179 | 179 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[54] † Deinonychus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 115 | 446 | 445 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[55] † Achillobator Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 397 | 163 | 163 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[56] † Dromaeosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 392 | 168 | 168 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[57] † Utahraptor Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 436 | 124 | 124 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[58] † Atrociraptor Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 512 | 48 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[59] † Epidexipteryx Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 373 | 189 | 187 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[60] † Jeholornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 208 | 352 | 352 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[61] † Sapeornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 182 | 380 | 378 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[62] † Confuciusornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 149 | 415 | 411 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[63] † Yanornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 276 | 290 | 284 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[64] † Hagryphus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 525 | 35 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[65] † Microvenator Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 457 | 103 | 103 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[66] † Avimimus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 320 | 240 | 240 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[67] † Oviraptor Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 324 | 236 | 236 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[68] † Conchoraptor Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 259 | 301 | 301 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[69] † Chirostenotes Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 346 | 214 | 214 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[70] † Incisivosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 377 | 183 | 183 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[71] † Similicaudipteryx Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 319 | 241 | 241 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[72] † Caudipteryx Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 215 | 345 | 345 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[73] † Xiaotingia Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 299 | 261 | 261 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[74] † Sinovenator Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 203 | 358 | 357 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[75] † Archaeopteryx Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 74 | 490 | 486 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[76] † Mei Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 178 | 385 | 382 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[77] † Haplocheirus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 224 | 336 | 336 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[78] † Patagonykus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 432 | 128 | 128 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[79] † Mononykus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 327 | 234 | 233 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[80] † Shuvuuia Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 136 | 427 | 424 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[81] † Alvarezsaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 465 | 95 | 95 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[82] † IGM100-1015 Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 451 | 109 | 109 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[83] † Tianyuraptor Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 348 | 213 | 212 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[84] † Compsognathus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 245 | 316 | 315 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[85] † Sinusonasus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 465 | 95 | 95 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[86] † Parvicursor Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 502 | 58 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[87] † Sinornithomimus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 301 | 259 | 259 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[88] † Guanlong Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 304 | 256 | 256 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[89] † Daspletosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 185 | 375 | 375 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[90] † Graciliraptor Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 471 | 90 | 89 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[91] † Balaur Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 359 | 201 | 201 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[92] † Mahakala Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 359 | 203 | 201 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[93] † Apsaravis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 328 | 236 | 232 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[94] † Yixianornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 250 | 315 | 310 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[95] † Yixianosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 489 | 71 | 71 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[96] † Pedopenna Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 530 | 30 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[97] † Tsaagan Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 310 | 251 | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[98] † Hesperonychus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 544 | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[99] † Pyroraptor Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 544 | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[100] † Albinykus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 518 | 42 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[101] † Proceratosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 484 | 76 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[102] † Xixiasaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 503 | 57 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[103] † IGM100/1126 Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 329 | 232 | 231 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[104] † IGM100/1323 Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 417 | 143 | 143 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[105] † Tarbosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 196 | 366 | 364 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[106] † Albertosaurus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 228 | 332 | 332 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[107] † Jixiangornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 304 | 256 | 256 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[108] † Neuquenornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 459 | 103 | 101 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[109] † Patagopteryx Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 412 | 154 | 148 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[110] † Cathayornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 379 | 186 | 181 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[111] † Concornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 440 | 124 | 120 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[112] † Gobipteryx Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 464 | 98 | 96 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[113] † Vorona Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 518 | 42 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[114] † Songlingornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 523 | 39 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[115] † Pengornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 390 | 177 | 170 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[116] † Hesperornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 308 | 252 | 252 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[117] † Baptornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 480 | 83 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[118] † Ichthyornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 287 | 278 | 273 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[119] † Iaceornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 473 | 87 | 87 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[120] † Limenavis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 526 | 36 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[121] † Crypturellus Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 180 | 381 | 380 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[122] † Lithornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 274 | 293 | 286 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[123] Gallus Last Modified in 09/11/20 | 173 | 389 | 387 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[124] Crax Last Modified in 09/11/20 | 171 | 389 | 389 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[125] Anas Last Modified in 09/11/20 | 189 | 373 | 371 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[126] Chauna Last Modified in 09/11/20 | 173 | 388 | 387 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[127] † Hongshanornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 392 | 170 | 168 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[128] † Liaoningornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 507 | 53 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[129] † Unenlagia Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 391 | 169 | 169 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[130] † Anchiornis Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 223 | 338 | 337 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[131] † Jinfengopteryx Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 384 | 176 | 176 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
[132] † Eosinopteryx Last Modified in 09/14/20 | 426 | 134 | 134 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 ![]() |
Project views 
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 47140 | |
Project overview | 4221 | |
Matrix views | 3117 | Matrix landing page (2776 views); (254 views); Matrix from Foth et al 2014 - modified by Morphobank curators to make it parse correctly - Please found the original matrix uploaded by authors in the "documents" section (87 views); |
Media views | 6727 | Media search (5755 views); M332978 (1 view); M332979 (971 views); |
Specimen list | 3441 | |
Taxon list | 28119 | |
Documents list | 483 | |
Views for media list | 621 | |
Bibliography | 411 |
Project downloads 
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 605 | |
Matrix downloads | 48 | (46 downloads); Matrix from Foth et al 2014 - modified by Morphobank curators to make it parse correctly - Please found the original matrix uploaded by authors in the "documents" section (2 downloads); |
Project downloads | 548 | |
Media downloads | 8 | M332979 (8 downloads); |
Document downloads | 1 | Original nexus file submited by the authors (1 download); |