Project 1126: C. Foth, H. Tischlinger, O. W. M. Rauhut. 2014. New specimen of Archaeopteryx provides insights into the evolution of pennaceous feathers. Nature. 511:79-82.
Abstract
Discoveries of bird-like theropod dinosaurs and basal avialans in the past decades have helped to put the iconic ‘Urvogel’ Archaeopteryx into context and have yielded important new data on the origin and early evolution of feathers. However, the biological context under which pennaceous feathers evolved is still debated. Here we describe a new specimen of Archaeopteryx with extensive feather preservation, not only on the wings and tail, but also the body and legs. The new specimen shows that the entire body was covered in pennaceous feathers and the hindlimbs had long, symmetrical feathers along the tibiotarsus, but short feathers on the tarsometatarsus. Furthermore, the wing plumage demonstrates that several recent interpretations are problematic. An analysis of the phylogenetic distribution of pennaceous feathers on the tail, hindlimb and arms of advanced maniraptorans and basal avialans strongly indicates that these structures evolved in a functional context other than flight, most probably in relation to display as suggested by some previous studies. Pennaceous feathers thus represented an exaptation and were later, in several lineages and following different patterns, recruited for aerodynamic functions. This indicates that the origin of flight in avialans was more complex then previously thought and might have involved several convergent achievements of aerial abilities.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1038/nature13467
Project DOI: 10.7934/P1126, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P1126
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 29832 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 560 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 1278 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:494/66 |
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MorphoBank Project 1126
MorphoBank Project 1126
- Creation Date:
27 January 2014 - Publication Date:
03 July 2014 - Media downloads: 8
- Matrix downloads: 51
Authors' Institutions
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen
- Bayerische Staatssammlung fuer Palaeontologie und Geologie
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
Christian Foth Project Administrator | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Maureen Admin Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
MorphoBank Curator Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Oliver Rauhut Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M26929' (132 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] † Allosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 48 | 515 | 512 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[2] † Sinraptor Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 164 | 396 | 396 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[3] † Dilong Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 163 | 397 | 397 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[4] † Eotyrannus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 426 | 134 | 134 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[5] † Tyrannosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 66 | 495 | 494 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[6] † Gorgosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 69 | 491 | 491 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[7] † Tanycolagreus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 399 | 161 | 161 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[8] † Coelurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 387 | 174 | 173 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[9] † Ornitholestes Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 206 | 355 | 354 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[10] † Huaxiagnathus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 266 | 295 | 294 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[11] † Sinosauropteryx Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 242 | 319 | 318 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[12] † Deinocheirus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 506 | 54 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[13] † Harpymimus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 259 | 302 | 301 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[14] † Pelecanimimus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 390 | 170 | 170 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[15] † Shenzhousaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 366 | 194 | 194 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[16] † Archaeornithomimus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 319 | 243 | 241 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[17] † Garudimimus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 258 | 302 | 302 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[18] † Anserimimus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 446 | 114 | 114 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[19] † Ornithomimus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 146 | 415 | 414 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[20] † Struthiomimus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 134 | 427 | 426 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[21] † Gallimimus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 98 | 465 | 462 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[22] † Falcarius Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 347 | 213 | 213 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[23] † Beipiaosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 476 | 84 | 84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[24] † Alxasaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 389 | 172 | 171 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[25] † Nothronychus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 476 | 84 | 84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[26] † Erliansaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 492 | 68 | 68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[27] † Nanshiungosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 522 | 38 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[28] † Neimongosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 441 | 119 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[29] † Segnosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 411 | 149 | 149 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[30] † Erlikosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 337 | 223 | 223 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[31] † Therizinosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 517 | 43 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[32] † Protarchaeopteryx Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 421 | 139 | 139 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[33] † Elmisaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 515 | 45 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[34] † Rinchenia Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 420 | 140 | 140 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[35] † Khaan Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 176 | 385 | 384 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[36] † Citipati Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 65 | 497 | 495 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[37] † Ingenia Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 219 | 343 | 341 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[38] † Heyuannia Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 414 | 146 | 146 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[39] † Byronosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 433 | 128 | 127 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[40] † Sinornithoides Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 261 | 300 | 299 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[41] † IGM100/44 Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 496 | 64 | 64 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[42] † Troodon Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 346 | 214 | 214 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[43] † Saurornithoides Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 356 | 204 | 204 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[44] † Zanabazar Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 379 | 182 | 181 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[45] † Buitreraptor Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 262 | 299 | 298 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[46] † Austroraptor Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 445 | 116 | 115 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[47] † Rahonavis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 374 | 187 | 186 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[48] † Bambiraptor Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 88 | 472 | 472 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[49] † Sinornithosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 215 | 351 | 345 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[50] † Microraptor Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 220 | 343 | 340 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[51] † Adasaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 310 | 252 | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[52] † Velociraptor Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 40 | 522 | 520 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[53] † Saurornitholestes Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 381 | 179 | 179 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[54] † Deinonychus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 115 | 446 | 445 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[55] † Achillobator Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 397 | 163 | 163 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[56] † Dromaeosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 392 | 168 | 168 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[57] † Utahraptor Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 436 | 124 | 124 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[58] † Atrociraptor Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 512 | 48 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[59] † Epidexipteryx Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 373 | 189 | 187 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[60] † Jeholornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 208 | 352 | 352 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[61] † Sapeornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 182 | 380 | 378 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[62] † Confuciusornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 149 | 415 | 411 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[63] † Yanornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 276 | 290 | 284 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[64] † Hagryphus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 525 | 35 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[65] † Microvenator Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 457 | 103 | 103 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[66] † Avimimus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 320 | 240 | 240 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[67] † Oviraptor Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 324 | 236 | 236 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[68] † Conchoraptor Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 259 | 301 | 301 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[69] † Chirostenotes Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 346 | 214 | 214 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[70] † Incisivosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 377 | 183 | 183 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[71] † Similicaudipteryx Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 319 | 241 | 241 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[72] † Caudipteryx Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 215 | 345 | 345 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[73] † Xiaotingia Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 299 | 261 | 261 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[74] † Sinovenator Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 203 | 358 | 357 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[75] † Archaeopteryx Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 74 | 490 | 486 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[76] † Mei Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 178 | 385 | 382 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[77] † Haplocheirus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 224 | 336 | 336 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[78] † Patagonykus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 432 | 128 | 128 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[79] † Mononykus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 327 | 234 | 233 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[80] † Shuvuuia Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 136 | 427 | 424 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[81] † Alvarezsaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 465 | 95 | 95 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[82] † IGM100-1015 Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 451 | 109 | 109 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[83] † Tianyuraptor Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 348 | 213 | 212 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[84] † Compsognathus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 245 | 316 | 315 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[85] † Sinusonasus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 465 | 95 | 95 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[86] † Parvicursor Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 502 | 58 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[87] † Sinornithomimus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 301 | 259 | 259 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[88] † Guanlong Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 304 | 256 | 256 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[89] † Daspletosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 185 | 375 | 375 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[90] † Graciliraptor Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 471 | 90 | 89 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[91] † Balaur Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 359 | 201 | 201 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[92] † Mahakala Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 359 | 203 | 201 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[93] † Apsaravis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 328 | 236 | 232 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[94] † Yixianornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 250 | 315 | 310 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[95] † Yixianosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 489 | 71 | 71 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[96] † Pedopenna Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 530 | 30 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[97] † Tsaagan Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 310 | 251 | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[98] † Hesperonychus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 544 | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[99] † Pyroraptor Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 544 | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[100] † Albinykus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 518 | 42 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[101] † Proceratosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 484 | 76 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[102] † Xixiasaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 503 | 57 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[103] † IGM100/1126 Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 329 | 232 | 231 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[104] † IGM100/1323 Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 417 | 143 | 143 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[105] † Tarbosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 196 | 366 | 364 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[106] † Albertosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 228 | 332 | 332 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[107] † Jixiangornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 304 | 256 | 256 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[108] † Neuquenornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 459 | 103 | 101 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[109] † Patagopteryx Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 412 | 154 | 148 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[110] † Cathayornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 379 | 186 | 181 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[111] † Concornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 440 | 124 | 120 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[112] † Gobipteryx Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 464 | 98 | 96 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[113] † Vorona Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 518 | 42 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[114] † Songlingornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 523 | 39 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[115] † Pengornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 390 | 177 | 170 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[116] † Hesperornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 308 | 252 | 252 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[117] † Baptornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 480 | 83 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[118] † Ichthyornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 287 | 278 | 273 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[119] † Iaceornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 473 | 87 | 87 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[120] † Limenavis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 526 | 36 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[121] † Crypturellus Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 180 | 381 | 380 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[122] † Lithornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 274 | 293 | 286 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[123] Gallus Taxon name last Modified on 09/11/20 | 173 | 389 | 387 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[124] Crax Taxon name last Modified on 09/11/20 | 171 | 389 | 389 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[125] Anas Taxon name last Modified on 09/11/20 | 189 | 373 | 371 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[126] Chauna Taxon name last Modified on 09/11/20 | 173 | 388 | 387 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[127] † Hongshanornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 392 | 170 | 168 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[128] † Liaoningornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 507 | 53 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[129] † Unenlagia Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 391 | 169 | 169 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[130] † Anchiornis Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 223 | 338 | 337 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[131] † Jinfengopteryx Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 384 | 176 | 176 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[132] † Eosinopteryx Taxon name last Modified on 09/14/20 | 426 | 134 | 134 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 612 | |
Matrix downloads | 51 | (46 downloads); Matrix from Foth et al 2014 - modified by Morphobank curators to make it parse correctly - Please found the original matrix uploaded by authors in the "documents" section (5 downloads); |
Project downloads | 551 | |
Media downloads | 8 | M332979 (8 downloads); |
Document downloads | 2 | Original nexus file submited by the authors (2 downloads); |