Project 2416: M. D. Ezcurra. 2016. The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms. PeerJ. 4 (1778):1-385.
Abstract
The early evolution of archosauromorphs during the Permo-Triassic constitutes an excellent empirical case study to shed light on evolutionary radiations in deep time and the timing and processes of recovery of terrestrial faunas after a mass extinction. However, macroevolutionary studies of early archosauromorphs are currently limited by poor knowledge of their phylogenetic relationships. In particular, one of the main early archosauromorph groups that need an exhaustive phylogenetic study is ‘‘Proterosuchia’’, which as historically conceived includes members of bothProterosuchidae and Erythrosuchidae. A new data matrix composed of 96 separate taxa (several of them not included in a quantitative phylogenetic analysis before) and 600 osteological characters was assembled and analysed to generate a comprehensive higher-level phylogenetic hypothesis of basal archosauromorphs and shed light on the species-level interrelationships of taxa historically identified as proterosuchian archosauriforms. The results of the analysis using maximum parsimony include a polyphyletic ‘‘Prolacertiformes’’ and ‘‘Protorosauria’’, in which the Permian Aenigmastropheus and Protorosaurus are the most basal archosauromorphs. The enigmatic choristoderans are either found as the sister-taxa of all other lepidosauromorphs orarchosauromorphs, but consistently placed within Sauria. Prolacertids, rhynchosaurs, allokotosaurians and tanystropheids are the major successive sister clades of Archosauriformes. The Early Triassic Tasmaniosaurus is recovered as the sister-taxon of Archosauriformes. Proterosuchidae is unambiguosly restricted to five species that occur immediately after and before the Permo-Triassic boundary, thus implying that they are a short-lived ‘‘disaster’’ clade. Erythrosuchidae is composed of eight nominal species that occur during the Early and Middle Triassic. ‘‘Proterosuchia’’ is polyphyletic, in which erythrosuchids are more closely related to Euparkeria and more crownward archosauriforms than to proterosuchids, and several species are found widespread along the archosauromorph tree, some being nested within Archosauria (e.g., ‘‘Chasmatosaurus’’ ultimus, Youngosuchus). Doswelliids and proterochampsids are recovered as more closely related to each other than to other archosauromorphs, forming a large clade (Proterochampsia) of semi-aquatic to aquatic forms that includes the bizarre genus Vancleavea. Euparkeria is one of the sister-taxa of the clade composed of proterochampsians and archosaurs. The putative Indian archosaur Yarasuchus is recovered in a polytomy with Euparkeria and more crownward archosauriforms, and as more closely related to the Russian Dongusuchus than to other species. Phytosaurs are recovered as the sister-taxa of all other pseudosuchians, thus being nested within Archosauria.
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Article DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1778
Project DOI: 10.7934/P2416, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P2416
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 27375 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 600 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 1404 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:506/94 |
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MorphoBank Project 2416
MorphoBank Project 2416
- Creation Date:
20 April 2016 - Publication Date:
21 April 2016 - Project views: 40723
- Media downloads: 1
- Matrix downloads: 43
Authors' Institutions
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen
- University of Birmingham
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
Martin Ezcurra Project Administrator | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Maureen Admin Full membership | 102 | 2 | 2 | 600 | 0 | 0 | 27375 (25338, 0, 2037) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
MorphoBank Curator Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M23953' (102 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] † Petrolacosaurus kansensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 64 | 473 | 457 | 0 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[2] † Acerosodontosaurus piveteaui Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 398 | 170 | 164 | 0 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[3] † Youngina capensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 50 | 502 | 456 | 0 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[4] † Paliguana whitei Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 509 | 74 | 72 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[5] † Planocephalosaurus robinsonae Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 194 | 354 | 342 | 0 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[6] † Gephyrosaurus bridensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 171 | 391 | 364 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[7] † Cteniogenys sp. Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 329 | 246 | 240 | 0 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[8] † Simoedosaurus lemoinei Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 125 | 432 | 427 | 0 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[9] † Aenigmastropheus parringtoni Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 567 | 34 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[10] † Protorosaurus speneri Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 153 | 411 | 363 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[11] † Amotosaurus rotfeldensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 304 | 267 | 260 | 0 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[12] † Macrocnemus bassanii Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 199 | 356 | 323 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[13] † Tanystropheus longobardicus Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 65 | 480 | 424 | 0 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[14] † Jesairosaurus lehmani Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 295 | 268 | 251 | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[15] † Pamelaria dolichotrachela Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 133 | 433 | 428 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[16] † Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 53 | 508 | 498 | 0 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[17] † Trilophosaurus buettneri Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 75 | 471 | 439 | 0 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[18] † Noteosuchus colletti Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 444 | 147 | 135 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[19] † Mesosuchus browni Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 68 | 492 | 464 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[20] † Howesia browni Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 278 | 306 | 279 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[21] † Eohyosaurus wolvaardti Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 472 | 124 | 118 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[22] † Rhynchosaurus articeps Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 139 | 413 | 399 | 0 | 51 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[23] † Bentonyx sidensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 386 | 180 | 179 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[24] † Eorasaurus olsoni Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 577 | 25 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[25] † Prolacertoides jimusarensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 530 | 59 | 57 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[26] † Prolacerta broomi Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 28 | 543 | 499 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[27] † Kadimakara australiensis holotype Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 531 | 69 | 66 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[28] † Kadimakara australiensis combined Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 505 | 85 | 80 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[29] † Boreopricea funerea Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 322 | 257 | 229 | 0 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[30] † Archosaurus rossicus holotype Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 582 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[31] † "Proterosuchus ferugsi" Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 548 | 55 | 51 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[32] † Proterosuchus fergusi Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 135 | 459 | 422 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[33] † Proterosuchus goweri Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 379 | 219 | 213 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[34] † Proterosuchus alexanderi Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 171 | 409 | 405 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[35] † "Chasmatosaurus" yuani Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 136 | 448 | 433 | 0 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[36] † "Chasmatosaurus ultimus" Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 547 | 53 | 52 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[37] † Ankistrodon indicus Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 593 | 8 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[38] † Tasmaniosaurus triassicus Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 511 | 93 | 85 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[39] † Exilisuchus tubercularis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 591 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[40] † Blomosuchus georgii Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 586 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[41] † Vonhuenia fredericki Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 581 | 17 | 17 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[42] † Chasmatosuchus rossicus combined Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 563 | 36 | 35 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[43] † Chasmatosuchus magnus Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 583 | 16 | 16 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[44] † Gamosaurus lozovskii Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 582 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[45] † Chasmatosuchus magnus combined Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 577 | 22 | 22 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[46] † Chasmatosuchus vjushkovi Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 581 | 21 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[47] † SAM p41754 long reef Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 583 | 17 | 16 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[48] † Koilamasuchus gonzalezdiazi Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 570 | 31 | 28 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[49] † Kalisuchus rewanensis holotype Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 568 | 35 | 29 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[50] † Fugusuchus hejiapanensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 422 | 169 | 166 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[51] † Sarmatosuchus otschevi Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 395 | 206 | 198 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[52] † Guchengosuchus shiguaiensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 431 | 159 | 152 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[53] † Cuyosuchus huenei Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 442 | 163 | 153 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[54] † GHG 7433mi Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 465 | 126 | 123 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[55] † Garjainia prima Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 104 | 476 | 472 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[56] † Garjainia madiba holotype Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 566 | 33 | 32 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[57] † Garjainia madiba combined Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 315 | 287 | 275 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[58] † Erythrosuchus africanus Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 58 | 514 | 491 | 0 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[59] † Shansisuchus shansisuchus Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 149 | 426 | 416 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[60] † Shansisuchus kuyeheensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 528 | 75 | 69 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[61] † Chalishevia cothurnata Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 521 | 79 | 77 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[62] † Youngosuchus sinensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 316 | 278 | 271 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[63] † "Dongusia colorata" Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 584 | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[64] † Uralosaurus holotype Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 588 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[65] † Uralosaurus combined Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 572 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[66] † Vancleavea campi Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 190 | 368 | 365 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[67] † Asperoris mnyama Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 507 | 91 | 83 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[68] † Euparkeria capensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 41 | 555 | 508 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[69] † Dorosuchus neoetus Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 510 | 89 | 89 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[70] † Yarasuchus deccanensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 407 | 190 | 182 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[71] † Dongusuchus efremovi Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 575 | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[72] † Proterochampsa barrionuevoi Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 188 | 383 | 368 | 0 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[73] † Proterochampsa nodosa Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 416 | 175 | 174 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[74] † Tropidosuchus romeri Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 146 | 441 | 427 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[75] † Cerritosaurus binsfeldi Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 408 | 183 | 177 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[76] † Gualosuchus reigi Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 182 | 401 | 393 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[77] † Chanaresuchus bonapartei Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 68 | 513 | 500 | 0 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[78] † Pseudochampsa ischigualastensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 254 | 335 | 329 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[79] † Rhadinosuchus gracilis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 510 | 93 | 87 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[80] † Archeopelta arborensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 493 | 104 | 102 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[81] † Tarjadia ruthae Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 542 | 58 | 51 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[82] † Jaxtasuchus salomoni Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 430 | 171 | 162 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[83] † Doswellia kaltenbachi Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 292 | 282 | 276 | 0 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[84] † Parasuchus angustifrons Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 382 | 198 | 195 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[85] † Parasuchus hislopi Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 77 | 503 | 499 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[86] † Nicrosaurus kapffi Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 214 | 363 | 354 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[87] † Smilosuchus spp. Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 74 | 495 | 489 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[88] † Ornithosuchus longidens Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 192 | 393 | 385 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[89] † Riojasuchus tenuisceps Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 86 | 497 | 488 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[90] † Nundasuchus songeaensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 377 | 217 | 209 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[91] † Turfanosuchus dabanensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 192 | 399 | 391 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[92] † Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 125 | 461 | 445 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[93] † Aetosauroides scagliai Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 232 | 368 | 354 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[94] † Batrachotomus kupferzellensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 118 | 465 | 458 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[95] † Prestosuchus chiniquensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 62 | 522 | 514 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[96] † Dimorphodon macronyx Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 275 | 287 | 282 | 0 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[97] † Lagerpeton chanarensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 456 | 129 | 128 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[98] † Marasuchus lilloensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 297 | 288 | 280 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[99] † Lewisuchus admixtus Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 350 | 242 | 235 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[100] † Silesaurus opolensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 111 | 459 | 443 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[101] † Heterodontosaurus tucki Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 64 | 478 | 472 | 0 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[102] † Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis Last Modified in 04/27/16 | 59 | 512 | 496 | 0 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 40723 | |
Project overview | 3274 | |
Documents list | 1656 | |
Media views | 7353 | Media search (4607 views); M411104 (699 views); M411454 (919 views); M411455 (1128 views); |
Bibliography | 1044 | |
Matrix views | 2064 | Matrix landing page (1882 views); Matrix (182 views); |
Views for media list | 1590 | |
Taxon list | 20060 | |
Specimen list | 3682 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 490 | |
Document downloads | 5 | Data matrix (2 downloads); Tree file in TNT format (3 downloads); |
Project downloads | 441 | |
Matrix downloads | 43 | Matrix (43 downloads); |
Media downloads | 1 | M411104 (1 download); |