Morphobank

Project 321: M. Spaulding, M. A. O'Leary, J. Gatesy. 2009. Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution. PLOS ONE. 4 (9):1-14.

Specimen: Hippopotamus amphibius (AMNH/Mammalogy:24284)

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Abstract

Abstract
Background: Integration of diverse data (molecules, fossils) provides the most robust test of the phylogeny of cetaceans. Positioning key fossils is critical for reconstructing the character change from life on land to life in the water.

Methodology/Principal Findings: We reexamine relationships of critical extinct taxa that impact our understanding of the origin of Cetacea. We do this in the context of the largest total evidence analysis of morphological and molecular information for Artiodactyla (661 phenotypic characters and 46,587 molecular characters, coded for 33 extant and 48 extinct taxa). We score morphological data for Carnivoramorpha, (Creodonta, Lipotyphla, and the (raoellid artiodactylan (Indohyus and concentrate on determining which fossils are positioned along stem lineages to major artiodactylan crown clades. Shortest trees place Cetacea within Artiodactyla and close to (Indohyus, with (Mesonychia outside of Artiodactyla. The relationships of (Mesonychia and (Indohyus are highly unstable, however - in trees only two steps longer than minimum length, (Mesonychia falls inside Artiodactyla and displaces (Indohyus from a position close to Cetacea. Trees based only on data that fossilize continue to show the classic arrangement of relationships within Artiodactyla with Cetacea grouping outside the clade, a signal incongruent with the molecular data that dominate the total evidence result.

Conclusions/Significance: Integration of new fossil material of (Indohyus impacts placement of another extinct clade (Mesonychia, pushing it much farther down the tree. The phylogenetic position of (Indohyus suggests that the cetacean stem lineage included herbivorous and carnivorous aquatic species. We also conclude that extinct members of Cetancodonta (whales + hippopotamids) shared a derived ability to hear underwater sounds, even though several
cetancodontans lack a pachyostotic auditory bulla. We revise the taxonomy of living and extinct artiodactylans and propose explicit node and stem-based definitions for the ingroup.

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Project DOI: 10.7934/P321, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P321

This project contains	Matrices
1 Media 1 Matrix 3 Documents 141 Taxa 1 Specimen 661 Characters Total size of project's media files: 878.45k Download Project SDD File	Total scored cells: 32817 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0
	Characters
	Total characters: 661 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 1443 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:661/0

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MorphoBank Project 321

Creation Date:
05 December 2009
Publication Date:
05 December 2009
Media downloads: 1
Matrix downloads: 104

This research
supported by

Authors' Institutions

University of California Riverside

American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)

Stony Brook University

Members

Maureen O'Leary
Project Administrator

141

661

32817
(32817, 0, 0)

MorphoBank Curator
Full membership

0
(0, 0, 0)

Michelle Spaulding
Full membership

0
(0, 0, 0)

Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M777' (81 Taxa)

taxon	unscored cells	scored cells	no cell support	NPA cells	"-" cells	cell images	labels on cell images	member access
[1] Orycteropus afer Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	169	493	492	0	0	0	0	3
[2] Bos taurus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	59	604	602	0	0	0	0	3
[3] Ovis aries Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	72	591	589	0	0	0	0	3
[4] Odocoileus virginianus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	83	578	578	0	0	0	0	3
[5] Cervus elaphus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	90	571	571	0	0	0	0	3
[6] Giraffa camelopardalis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	64	600	597	0	0	0	0	3
[7] Antilocapra americana Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	108	553	553	0	0	0	0	3
[8] Moschus moschiferus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	116	548	545	0	0	0	0	3
[9] Tragulus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	95	568	566	0	0	0	0	3
[10] Tursiops truncatus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	289	372	372	0	0	0	0	3
[11] Monodon monoceros Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	321	341	340	0	0	0	0	3
[12] Inia geoffrensis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	322	340	339	0	0	0	0	3
[13] Pontoporia blainvillei Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	351	311	310	0	0	0	0	3
[14] Kogia breviceps Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	326	335	335	0	0	0	0	3
[15] Ziphius cavirostris Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	305	358	356	0	0	0	0	3
[16] Balaenoptera acutorostrata Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	327	335	334	0	0	0	0	3
[17] Hippopotamus amphibius Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	82	582	579	0	0	0	0	3
[18] Choeropsis liberiensis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	100	563	561	0	0	0	0	3
[19] Sus scrofa Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	85	579	576	0	0	0	0	3
[20] Babyrousa babyrussa Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	130	532	531	0	0	0	0	3
[21] Potamochoerus porcus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	134	529	527	0	0	0	0	3
[22] † Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	143	522	518	0	0	0	0	3
[23] Tayassu tajacu Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	119	543	542	0	0	0	0	3
[24] Camelus dromedarius Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	89	573	572	0	0	0	0	3
[25] Lama glama Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	154	507	507	0	0	0	0	3
[26] Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	224	437	437	0	0	0	0	3
[27] Tapirus terrestris Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	123	539	538	0	0	0	0	3
[28] Equus caballus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	66	595	595	0	0	0	0	3
[29] Ailurus fulgens Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	106	558	555	0	0	0	0	3
[30] Canis latrans Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	85	576	576	0	0	0	0	3
[31] Nandinia binotata Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	118	546	543	0	0	0	0	3
[32] Felis silvestris Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13	159	502	502	0	0	0	0	3
[33] † Erinaceus europaeus Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	96	565	565	0	0	0	0	3
[34] † Hyopsodus Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	219	443	442	0	0	0	0	3
[35] † Hyracotherium Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	286	376	375	0	0	0	0	3
[36] † Artiocetus clavis Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	372	289	289	0	0	0	0	3
[37] † Rodhocetus balochistanensis Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	574	87	87	0	0	0	0	3
[38] † Dorudon atrox Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	240	421	421	0	0	0	0	3
[39] † Basilosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	294	367	367	0	0	0	0	3
[40] † Pachyaena ossifraga Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	413	248	248	0	0	0	0	3
[41] † Sinonyx jiashanensis Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	240	422	421	0	0	0	0	3
[42] † Mesonyx obtusidens Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	262	399	399	0	0	0	0	3
[43] † Dissacus praenuntius Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	376	285	285	0	0	0	0	3
[44] † Dissacus zanabazari Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	281	383	380	0	0	0	0	3
[45] † Harpagolestes orientalis Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	445	216	216	0	0	0	0	3
[46] † Harpagolestes uintensis Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	387	274	274	0	0	0	0	3
[47] † Hapalodectes hetangensis Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	372	289	289	0	0	0	0	3
[48] † Helohyus plicodon Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	456	208	205	0	0	0	0	3
[49] † Pakicetidae Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	324	339	337	0	0	0	0	3
[50] † Ambulocetus natans Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	535	126	126	0	0	0	0	3
[51] † Gobiohyus orientalis Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	387	274	274	0	0	0	0	3
[52] † Leptomeryx Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	152	511	509	0	0	0	0	3
[53] † Poebrotherium Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	135	526	526	0	0	0	0	3
[54] † Agriochoerus Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	148	517	513	0	0	0	0	3
[55] † Merycoidodon sp. Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	136	527	525	0	0	0	0	3
[56] † Diacodexis pakistanensis Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	246	415	415	0	0	0	0	3
[57] † Diacodexis northamerican Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	405	258	256	0	0	0	0	3
[58] † Perchoerus Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	240	424	421	0	0	0	0	3
[59] † Archaeotherium Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	143	520	518	0	0	0	0	3
[60] † Elomeryx Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	221	443	440	0	0	0	0	3
[61] † Microbunodon minimum Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	355	308	306	0	0	0	0	3
[62] † Merycopotamus dissimilis Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	375	287	286	0	0	0	0	3
[63] † Xenohyus venitor Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	545	116	116	0	0	0	0	3
[64] † Anthracokeryx ulnifer Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	374	287	287	0	0	0	0	3
[65] † Libycosaurus petrocchii Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	547	114	114	0	0	0	0	3
[66] † Bothriogenys Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	279	384	382	0	0	0	0	3
[67] † Siamotherium krabiense Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	561	100	100	0	0	0	0	3
[68] † Cainotherium Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	148	513	513	0	0	0	0	3
[69] † Phenacodus Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	247	417	414	0	0	0	0	3
[70] † Protungulatum Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	515	147	146	0	0	0	0	3
[71] † Brachyhyops wyomingensis Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	485	176	176	0	0	0	0	3
[72] † Achaenodon uintensis Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	359	302	302	0	0	0	0	3
[73] † Andrewsarchus mongoliensis Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	513	148	148	0	0	0	0	3
[74] † Eoconodon heilprinianus Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	401	260	260	0	0	0	0	3
[75] † Protoceras celer Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	257	405	404	0	0	0	0	3
[76] † Indohyus indirae Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	459	203	202	0	0	0	0	3
[77] † Vulpavus profectus Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	200	463	461	0	0	0	0	3
[78] † Thinocyon Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	223	438	438	0	0	0	0	3
[79] † Hyaenodon Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	162	500	499	0	0	0	0	3
[80] † Patriofelis Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	217	444	444	0	0	0	0	3
[81] † Proviverra Taxon name last Modified on 05/02/19	189	472	472	0	0	0	0	3

Project downloads

type	number of downloads	Individual items downloaded (where applicable)
Total downloads from project	767
Matrix downloads	104	Morphology matrix (104 downloads);
Document downloads	39	20 shortest trees of 57269 steps (11 downloads); All data - TNT formatted (20 downloads); All data with Genbank numbers (8 downloads);
Project downloads	623
Media downloads	1	M38695 (1 download);