Project 3212: D. L. Nickrent, F. Anderson, J. Kuijt. 2019. Inflorescence evolution in Santalales: integrating morphological characters and molecular phylogenetics. American Journal of Botany. 106 (3):402-414.
Specimen: Phoradendron leucarpum (SIU/5595)
View: shoot

Abstract

PREMISE OF THE STUDY
The sandalwood order (Santalales) includes members that present a diverse array of inflorescence types, some of which are unique among angiosperms. This diversity presents a interpretational challenges but also opportunities to test fundamental concepts in plant morphology. Here we use modern phylogenetic approaches to address the evolution of inflorescences in the sandalwood order.
METHODS
Phylogenetic analyses of two nuclear and three chloroplast genes was conducted on representatives of 146 of the 163 genera in the order. A matrix was constructed that scored nine characters dealing with inflorescences. One character “trios” that encompasses any grouping of three flowers (i.e. both dichasia and triads) was optimized on samples of the posterior distribution of trees from the Bayesian analysis using BayesTraits. Three nodes were examined: the most recent common ancestors of A) all ingroup members, B) Loranthaceae, and C) Opiliaceae, Santalaceae s. lat. and Viscaceae
KEY RESULTS
The phylogenetic analysis resulted in many fully resolved nodes across Santalales with strong support for 18 clades previously named as families. The trios character was not supported for nodes A and C whereas it was supported for node B where this partial inflorescence type is best described as a triad.
CONCLUSIONS
Essentially every major inflorescence type can be found in Santalales, however, the dichasium, a type of partial inflorescence, is rarely seen and is not plesiomorphic for the order. In the family Erythropalaceae, inflorescences are mostly in small, axillary fascicles or cymes. Successive families show both cymose and racemose types as well as compound systems (e.g. thyrses). Inflorescences in Amphorogynaceae and Viscaceae are not dichasial and in general are difficult to compare to “standard” inflorescences.


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Article DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1250

Project DOI: 10.7934/P3212, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P3212
This project containsMatrices
  • 1 Media
  • 1 Matrix
  • 1 Document
  • 146 Taxa
  • 1 Specimen
  • 10 Characters
Total size of project's media files: 196.14k

Download Project SDD File
Total scored cells: 1620
Total media associated with cells: 0
Total labels associated with cell media: 0
Characters
Total characters: 10
Total characters with associated media: 0
Total characters with media with labels: 0
Total character states: 30
Total character states with associated media: 0
Total character states with media with labels:0
Total unordered/ordered characters:10/0
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MorphoBank Project 3212

    Authors' Institutions

    • Southern Illinois University



    Members

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    Daniel Nickrent
    Project Administrator
    1460010001620
    (1620, 0, 0)
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    MorphoBank Curator
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    Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M25506' (146 Taxa)

    taxon unscored
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    [1] Brachynema ramiflorum
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [2] Erythropalum scandens
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [3] Heisteria densifrons
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [4] Maburea trinervis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [5] Diogoa zenkeri
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [6] Engomegoma gordonii
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [7] Scorodocarpus borneensis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [8] Strombosia pustulata
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [9] Strombosiopsis tetrandra
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [10] Tetrastylidium peruvianum
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [11] Coula edulis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [12] Minquartia guianensis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [13] Ochanostachys amentacea
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [14] Curupira tefeensis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [15] Malania oleifera
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    28800002
    [16] Ximenia americana
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0141000002
    [17] Dulacia candida
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [18] Olax scandens
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [19] Ptychopetalum petiolatum
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [20] Anacolosa papuana
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [21] Aptandra tubicina
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0131000002
    [22] Cathedra acuminata
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [23] Chaunochiton kappleri
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [24] Harmandia mekongensis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [25] Hondurodendron urceolatum
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [26] Ongokea gore
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [27] Phanerodiscus capuronii
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [28] Octoknema species
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [29] Misodendrum punctulatum
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0141000002
    [30] Arjona tuberosa
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [31] Quinchamalium chilense
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [32] Schoepfia schreberi
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [33] Nuytsia floribunda
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [34] Atkinsonia ligustrina
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [35] Gaiadendron punctatum
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [36] Alepis flavida
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [37] Amylotheca duthiana
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [38] Decaisnina triflora
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [39] Elytranthe albida
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [40] Lepeostegeres lancifolius
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [41] Lepidaria forbesii
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [42] Loxanthera speciosa
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [43] Lysiana filifolia
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [44] Macrosolen cochinchinensis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [45] Peraxilla tetrapetala
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [46] Tupeia antarctica
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    110900002
    [47] Desmaria mutabilis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [48] Notanthera heterophylla
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [49] Ligaria cuneifolia
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [50] Tristerix corymbosus
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [51] Aetanthus noduosus
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [52] Cladocolea gracilis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0151000002
    [53] Dendropemon caribaeus
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [54] Oryctanthus occidentalis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [55] Passovia pyrifolia
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0141000002
    [56] Psittacanthus calyculatus
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0131000002
    [57] Struthanthus woodsonii
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [58] Tripodanthus acutifolius
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [59] Ileostylus micranthus
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [60] Muellerina eucalyptoides
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [61] Cecarria obtusifolia
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [62] Loranthus europaeus
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [63] Amyema glabra
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [64] Baratranthus axanthus
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [65] Benthamina ayxifolia
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [66] Dactyliophora novaeguineae
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [67] Diplatia furcata
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [68] Helicanthes elastica
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [69] Sogerianthe sessiliflora
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [70] Scurrula parasitica
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [71] Taxillus chinensis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [72] Dendrophthoe curvata
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [73] Helixanthera cylindrica
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [74] Tolypanthus involucratus
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [75] Emelianthe panganensis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [76] Erianthemum dregei
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0131000002
    [77] Globimetula dinklagei
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [78] Moquiniella rubra
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [79] Oliverella rubroviridis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [80] Phragmanthera crassicaulis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [81] Septulina glauca
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [82] Spragueanella rhamnifolia
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [83] Actinanthella menyharthii
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [84] Agelanthus sansibarensis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [85] Bakerella species
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [86] Berhautia senegalensis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [87] Englerina ramulosa
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [88] Oedina pendans
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [89] Oncella ambigua
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [90] Oncocalyx sulfureus
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [91] Plicosepalus sagittiflorus
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [92] Socratina bemarivensis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [93] Tapinanthus constrictiflorus
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [94] Vanwykia remota
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [95] Agonandra macrocarpa
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [96] Anthobolus leptomerioides
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [97] Cansjera leptostachya
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [98] Champereia manillana
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [99] Lepionurus sylvestris
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    29800002
    [100] Melientha suavis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [101] Opilia amentacea
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [102] Pentarhopalopilia marquesii
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [103] Rhopalopilia pallens
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [104] Urobotrya siamensis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [105] Comandra umbellata
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [106] Geocaulon lividum
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [107] Buckleya distichophylla
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0131000002
    [108] Osyridicarpos schimperianus
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [109] Thesium ramosum
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0151000002
    [110] Acanthosyris asipapote
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [111] Cervantesia tomentosa
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [112] Jodina rhombifolia
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [113] Okoubaka aubrevillei
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    210800002
    [114] Pilgerina madagascariensis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [115] Pyrularia pubera
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0141000002
    [116] Scleropyrum pentandrum
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [117] Staufferia capuronii
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [118] Mida salicifolia
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [119] Nanodea muscosa
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [120] Antidaphne viscoidea
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0131000002
    [121] Colpoon compressum
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [122] Eubrachion ambiguum
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [123] Exocarpos sparteus
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0151000002
    [124] Lepidoceras chilense
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0131000002
    [125] Myoschilos oblongum
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [126] Nestronia umbellula
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [127] Omphacomeria acerba
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [128] Osyris alba
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [129] Rhoiacarpos capensis
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [130] Santalum paniculatum
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [131] Amphorogyne celastroides
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [132] Choretrum pauciflorum
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [133] Daenikera corallina
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [134] Dendromyza ledermannii
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [135] Dendrotrophe varians
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0171000002
    [136] Dufrenoya sphaerocarpa
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [137] Leptomeria aphylla
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [138] Phacellaria rigidula
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0171000002
    [139] Spirogardnera rubescens
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [140] Arceuthobium oxycedri
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [141] Dendrophthora squamigera
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002
    [142] Ginalloa arnottiana
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [143] Korthalsella latissima
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0101000002
    [144] Notothixos subaureus
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0111000002
    [145] Phoradendron leucarpum
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/12/19
    0121000002
    [146] Viscum album
    Taxon name last Modified on 04/16/19
    0121000002


    Project downloads

    type number of downloads Individual items downloaded (where applicable)
    Total downloads from project171
    Project downloads155
    Matrix downloads10Inflorescence Matrix Santalales (10 downloads);
    Document downloads65-Genes Santalales (6 downloads);