Morphobank

Project 3854: D. S. Gernandt, C. Reséndiz Arias, T. Terrazas, X. Aguirre Dugua, A. Willyard. 2018. Incorporating fossils into the Pinaceae tree of life. American Journal of Botany. 105 (8):1329-1344.

Specimen: Pinus thunbergii (unvouchered)
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Abstract

Premise of the Study
Pinaceae have a rich but enigmatic early fossil record, much of which is represented by permineralized seed cones. Our incomplete knowledge of morphology and anatomy in living and extinct species poses an important barrier to understanding their phylogenetic relationships and timing of diversification.

Methods
We expanded a morphology matrix to 46 fossil and 31 extant Pinaceae species, mainly adding characters from stem and leaf anatomy and seed cones. Using parsimony and Bayesian inference, we compared phylogenetic relationships for extant taxa with and without fossils from the morphology matrix combined with an alignment of plastid gene sequences.

Key Results
Combined analysis of morphological and molecular characters resulted in a phylogeny of extant Pinaceae that was robust at all nodes except those relating to the interrelationships of Pinus, Picea, and Cathaya and the position of Cedrus. Simultaneous analysis of all fossil and extant species did not result in changes in the relationships among the extant species but did greatly reduce branch support. We found that the placement of most fossils was sensitive to the method of phylogenetic reconstruction when analyzing them singly with the extant species.

Conclusions
A robust phylogenetic hypothesis for the main lineages of Pinaceae is emerging. Most Early Cretaceous fossils are stem or crown lineages of Pinus, but close relationships also were found between fossils and several other extant genera. The phylogenetic position of fossils broadly supports the existence of extant genera in the Lower Cretaceous.

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Article DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1139

Project DOI: 10.7934/P3854, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P3854

This project contains	Matrices
1 Media 1 Matrix 2 Documents 89 Taxa 1 Specimen 188 Characters Total size of project's media files: 248.03k Download Project SDD File	Total scored cells: 8273 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0
	Characters
	Total characters: 188 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 456 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:168/20

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MorphoBank Project 3854

Creation Date:
31 October 2020
Publication Date:
04 November 2020
Matrix downloads: 19

Authors' Institutions

Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM)

Hendrix College

Members

MorphoBank Curator
Project Administrator

188

8273
(7896, 0, 377)

David Gernandt
Full membership

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Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M27058' (89 Taxa)

taxon	unscored cells	scored cells	no cell support	NPA cells	"-" cells	cell images	labels on cell images	member access
[1] Ginkgo biloba Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	50	116	116	0	22	0	0	2
[2] Araucaria heterophylla Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	63	112	110	0	15	0	0	2
[3] Phyllocladus hypophyllus Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	70	108	108	0	10	0	0	2
[4] Cryptomeria japonica Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	37	143	141	0	10	0	0	2
[5] Sciadopitys verticillata Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	38	140	140	0	10	0	0	2
[6] Cephalotaxus harringtonii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	62	109	109	0	17	0	0	2
[7] † Cordaixylon dumusum Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	81	83	83	0	24	0	0	2
[8] † Mesoxylon priapi Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	98	70	70	0	20	0	0	2
[9] † Emporia lockardii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	101	69	68	0	19	0	0	2
[10] † Barthelia furcata Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	110	62	61	0	17	0	0	2
[11] † Hanskerpia hamiltonensis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	110	62	61	0	17	0	0	2
[12] † Pararaucaria patagonica Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	130	49	48	0	10	0	0	2
[13] Pinus thunbergii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	45	142	142	0	1	0	0	2
[14] Pinus halepensis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	78	109	109	0	1	0	0	2
[15] Pinus pinaster Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	67	119	119	0	2	0	0	2
[16] Pinus teocote Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	51	137	136	0	1	0	0	2
[17] Pinus contorta Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	40	147	147	0	1	0	0	2
[18] Pinus ponderosa Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	10	178	177	0	1	0	0	2
[19] Pinus aristata Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	61	126	125	0	2	0	0	2
[20] Pinus monophylla Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	43	145	144	0	1	0	0	2
[21] Pinus pinceana Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	56	131	130	0	2	0	0	2
[22] Pinus nelsonii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	36	150	150	0	2	0	0	2
[23] Pinus bungeana Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	72	117	116	0	0	0	0	2
[24] Pinus lambertiana Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	44	143	143	0	1	0	0	2
[25] Pinus krempfii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	61	125	125	0	2	0	0	2
[26] Picea abies Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	31	149	149	0	8	0	0	2
[27] Picea chihuahuana Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	56	127	126	0	6	0	0	2
[28] Picea glauca Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	62	118	118	0	8	0	0	2
[29] Picea sitchensis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	50	130	130	0	8	0	0	2
[30] Cathaya argyrophylla Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	28	155	155	0	5	0	0	2
[31] Pseudotsuga macrocarpa Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	65	117	117	0	6	0	0	2
[32] Pseudotsuga menziesii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	17	165	165	0	6	0	0	2
[33] Larix occidentalis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	30	156	154	0	4	0	0	2
[34] Larix decidua Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	60	125	123	0	5	0	0	2
[35] Abies concolor Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	35	144	144	0	9	0	0	2
[36] Abies lasiocarpa Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	56	123	123	0	9	0	0	2
[37] Abies mariesii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	70	109	109	0	9	0	0	2
[38] Abies religiosa Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	65	115	115	0	8	0	0	2
[39] Cedrus deodara Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	26	157	156	0	6	0	0	2
[40] Keteleeria davidiana Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	47	136	135	0	6	0	0	2
[41] Pseudolarix amabilis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	24	158	158	0	6	0	0	2
[42] Nothotsuga longibracteata Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	68	115	114	0	6	0	0	2
[43] Tsuga canadensis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	28	153	152	0	8	0	0	2
[44] † Eathiestrobus mackenziei Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	138	49	49	0	1	0	0	2
[45] † Obirastrobus kokubunii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	130	58	57	0	1	0	0	2
[46] † Obirastrobus nihongii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	129	59	58	0	1	0	0	2
[47] † Picea burtonii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	132	55	55	0	1	0	0	2
[48] † Pinus belgica Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	131	57	57	0	0	0	0	2
[49] † Pinus arnoldii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	73	112	112	0	3	0	0	2
[50] † Pinus yorkshirensis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	127	60	60	0	1	0	0	2
[51] † Pityostrobus andraei Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	133	55	55	0	0	0	0	2
[52] † Pityostrobus argonnensis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	130	56	56	0	2	0	0	2
[53] † Pityostrobus beardii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	134	54	54	0	0	0	0	2
[54] † Pityostrobus bommeri Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	129	57	57	0	2	0	0	2
[55] † Pityostrobus californiensis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	133	54	54	0	1	0	0	2
[56] † Pityostrobus cliffwoodensis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	134	52	52	0	2	0	0	2
[57] † Pityostrobus corneti Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	130	57	57	0	1	0	0	2
[58] † Pityostrobus hallii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	132	54	54	0	2	0	0	2
[59] † Pityostrobus hautrageanus Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	133	55	55	0	0	0	0	2
[60] † Pityostrobus hokodzensis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	133	54	54	0	1	0	0	2
[61] † Pityostrobus hueberi Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	128	58	58	0	2	0	0	2
[62] † Pityostrobus jacksonii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	135	52	52	0	1	0	0	2
[63] † Pityostrobus kayeii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	128	59	59	0	1	0	0	2
[64] † Pityostrobus leckenbyi Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	131	56	56	0	1	0	0	2
[65] † Pityostrobus lynnii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	135	53	52	0	1	0	0	2
[66] † Pityostrobus macrocephalus Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	136	51	51	0	1	0	0	2
[67] † Pityostrobus makahensis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	131	58	56	0	1	0	0	2
[68] † Pityostrobus matsubarae Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	131	56	56	0	1	0	0	2
[69] † Pityostrobus mcmurrayensis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	134	53	53	0	1	0	0	2
[70] † Pityostrobus milleri Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	135	52	51	0	2	0	0	2
[71] † Pityostrobus oblongus Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	131	56	56	0	1	0	0	2
[72] † Pityostrobus palmeri Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	130	59	58	0	0	0	0	2
[73] † Pityostrobus pluriresinosa Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	153	35	35	0	0	0	0	2
[74] † Pityostrobus pubescens Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	133	53	53	0	2	0	0	2
[75] † Pityostrobus ramentosa Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	132	54	54	0	2	0	0	2
[76] † Pityostrobus shastaensis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	136	52	52	0	0	0	0	2
[77] † Pityostrobus villerotensis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	126	61	61	0	1	0	0	2
[78] † Pityostrobus virginiana Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	130	56	56	0	2	0	0	2
[79] † Pityostrobus yixianensis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	128	59	59	0	1	0	0	2
[80] † Pseudoaraucaria arnoldii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	126	62	61	0	1	0	0	2
[81] † Pseudoaraucaria benstedi Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	144	43	43	0	1	0	0	2
[82] † Pseudoaraucaria gibbosa Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	128	60	60	0	0	0	0	2
[83] † Pseudoaraucaria heeri Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	126	61	61	0	1	0	0	2
[84] † Pseudoaraucaria loppineti Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	128	59	59	0	1	0	0	2
[85] † Pseudoaraucaria major Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	128	59	59	0	1	0	0	2
[86] † Pinus escalantensis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	134	53	53	0	1	0	0	2
[87] † Pinus haborensis Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	178	10	10	0	0	0	0	2
[88] † Pinus matthewsii Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	124	64	64	0	0	0	0	2
[89] † Pinus mutoi Taxon name last Modified on 10/31/20	138	50	50	0	0	0	0	2

Project downloads

type	number of downloads	Individual items downloaded (where applicable)
Total downloads from project	123
Project downloads	103
Matrix downloads	19	Morphological Matrix from Gernandt et al., 2018 (19 downloads);
Document downloads	1	Combined matrix (DNA + Morphology) in nexus format (1 download);