Morphobank

Project 3931: B. C. Moon. 2019. A new phylogeny of ichthyosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (2):129-155.

Specimen: † Ichthyosaurus breviceps (unvouchered)
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Abstract

The largest phylogenetic analysis of ichthyosaurs to date is presented, with 114 ingroup taxa coded at species level. Completeness of the taxa included varied from > 98% to < 2%; 10 taxa were removed a priori using Concatabominations due to incompleteness and taxonomic uncertainty. The data were analysed using three widely used optimization criteria, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference; while similar, each criterion produced different topologies, support and levels of resolution. Maximum parsimony found a poorly-resolved consensus tree with moderate improvement from a posteriori pruning of unstable taxa; however, general support remained low. Tree resolution was reduced more by taxa that lacked codings from phylogenetically important regions of the tree, rather than by those that simply lacked many codings. Resolution present in the most likely tree is poorly supported; sister relationships cannot be confirmed, although similarities are found to the most parsimonious tree. Bayesian inference found poorly resolved consensus trees. While more resolved, an equal-distribution rate prior is significantly worse than the null gamma-distribution rate prior for morphological data, but suggests rate heterogeneity across ichthyosaur phylogeny. Tree comparisons under each analytical criterion failed to select a single best tree; however, the Bayesian inference tree with gamma-distribution rate prior is selected as the best tree based on recent analyses showing improved accuracy using this criterion. Unequivocally resolved clades include Ichthyopterygia, Ichthyosauria, Shastasauria, Euichthyosauria, Parvipelvia and Neoichthyosauria, but with variation in their taxonomic components. Mixosauridae and Ophthalmosauridae are similarly recovered, but their definitions are modified to stem-based definitions to prevent substantial variation of included taxa. Several genera are not monophyletic: Brachypterygius, Leptonectes, Mixosaurus, Ophthalmosaurus, Paraophthalmosaurus, Phalarodon, Platypterygius, Stenopterygius, Temnodontosaurus and Undorosaurus. Complex and variable relationships suggest the need for new characters and a re-evaluation of the state of ichthyosaur phylogenetics.

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Article DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2017.1394922

Project DOI: 10.7934/P3931, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P3931

This project contains	Matrices
1 Media 1 Matrix 115 Taxa 1 Specimen 287 Characters Total size of project's media files: 975.22k Download Project SDD File	Total scored cells: 16532 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0
	Characters
	Total characters: 287 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 619 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:283/4

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MorphoBank Project 3931

Creation Date:
17 February 2021
Publication Date:
17 February 2021
Media downloads: 1
Matrix downloads: 12

Authors' Institutions

University of Bristol

Members

MorphoBank Curator
Project Administrator

115

287

16532
(15779, 0, 753)

Benjamin Moon
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Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M27235' (115 Taxa)

taxon	unscored cells	scored cells	no cell support	NPA cells	"-" cells	cell images	labels on cell images	member access
[1] † Acamptonectes densus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	163	120	120	0	4	0	0	2
[2] † Aegirosaurus leptospondylus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	92	185	185	0	10	0	0	2
[3] † Arthropterygius chrisorum Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	222	65	65	0	0	0	0	2
[4] † Athabascasaurus bitumineus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	186	95	95	0	6	0	0	2
[5] † Barracudasauroides panxianensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	86	196	196	0	5	0	0	2
[6] † Besanosaurus leptorhynchus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	100	181	181	0	6	0	0	2
[7] † Brachypterygius extremus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	120	160	160	0	7	0	0	2
[8] † Brachypterygius pseudoscythica Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	201	80	80	0	6	0	0	2
[9] † Californosaurus perrini Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	184	102	102	0	1	0	0	2
[10] † Callawayia neoscapularis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	60	222	222	0	5	0	0	2
[11] † Cartorhynchus lenticarpus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	122	145	145	0	20	0	0	2
[12] † Caypullisaurus bonapartei Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	109	169	169	0	9	0	0	2
[13] † Chacaicosaurus cayi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	225	55	55	0	7	0	0	2
[14] † Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	67	213	213	0	7	0	0	2
[15] † Chaohusaurus geishanensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	176	106	106	0	5	0	0	2
[16] † Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	114	162	162	0	11	0	0	2
[17] † Contectopalatus atavus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	58	218	218	0	11	0	0	2
[18] † Cryopterygius kielanae Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	205	77	77	0	5	0	0	2
[19] † Cryopterygius kristiansenae Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	112	171	171	0	4	0	0	2
[20] † Cymbospondylus buchseri Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	164	119	119	0	4	0	0	2
[21] † Cymbospondylus nichollsi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	174	108	108	0	5	0	0	2
[22] † Cymbospondylus petrinus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	49	229	229	0	9	0	0	2
[23] † Cymbospondylus piscosus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	283	4	4	0	0	0	0	2
[24] † Dearcmhara shawcrossi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	273	13	13	0	1	0	0	2
[25] † Eurhinosaurus longirostris Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	29	244	244	0	14	0	0	2
[26] † Excalibosaurus costini Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	82	197	197	0	8	0	0	2
[27] † Gengasaurus nicosiai Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	210	75	75	0	2	0	0	2
[28] † Grendelius alekseevi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	147	134	134	0	6	0	0	2
[29] † Grendelius zhuravlevi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	242	44	44	0	1	0	0	2
[30] † Grippia longirostris Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	58	222	222	0	7	0	0	2
[31] † Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	29	249	249	0	9	0	0	2
[32] † Guizhouichthyosaurus wolonggangense Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	123	159	159	0	5	0	0	2
[33] † Gulosaurus helmi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	126	158	158	0	3	0	0	2
[34] † Hauffiopteryx typicus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	6	272	272	0	9	0	0	2
[35] † Himalayasaurus tibetensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	275	12	12	0	0	0	0	2
[36] † Hudsonelpidia brevirostris Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	193	90	90	0	4	0	0	2
[37] † Hupehsuchus nanchangensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	114	149	149	0	24	0	0	2
[38] † Ichthyosaurus acutirostris Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	125	159	159	0	3	0	0	2
[39] † Ichthyosaurus anningae Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	118	164	164	0	5	0	0	2
[40] † Ichthyosaurus breviceps Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	59	221	221	0	7	0	0	2
[41] † Ichthyosaurus communis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	0	281	281	0	6	0	0	2
[42] † Ichthyosaurus conybeari Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	71	210	210	0	6	0	0	2
[43] † Ichthyosaurus larkini Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	71	208	208	0	8	0	0	2
[44] † Ichthyosaurus somersetensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	47	233	233	0	7	0	0	2
[45] † Isfjordosaurus minor Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	274	13	13	0	0	0	0	2
[46] † Janusaurus lundi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	128	149	149	0	10	0	0	2
[47] † Keilhauia nui Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	216	68	68	0	3	0	0	2
[48] † Leninia stellans Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	206	77	77	0	4	0	0	2
[49] † Leptonectes moorei Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	164	118	118	0	5	0	0	2
[50] † Leptonectes solei Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	167	119	119	0	1	0	0	2
[51] † Leptonectes tenuirostris Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	26	250	250	0	11	0	0	2
[52] † Macgowania janiceps Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	174	110	110	0	3	0	0	2
[53] † Maiaspondylus lindoei Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	199	83	83	0	5	0	0	2
[54] † Malawania anachronus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	221	62	62	0	4	0	0	2
[55] † Mikadocephalus gracilirostris Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	175	110	109	0	3	0	0	2
[56] † Mixosaurus cornalianus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	25	254	254	0	8	0	0	2
[57] † Mixosaurus kuhnschneyderi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	126	155	155	0	6	0	0	2
[58] † Mixosaurus xindianensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	91	193	193	0	3	0	0	2
[59] † Mollesaurus periallus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	187	99	99	0	1	0	0	2
[60] † Muiscasaurus catheti Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	207	78	78	0	2	0	0	2
[61] † Nannopterygius enthekiodon Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	195	91	91	0	1	0	0	2
[62] † Ophthalmosaurus icenicus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	0	277	277	0	10	0	0	2
[63] † Ophthalmosaurus natans Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	55	221	221	0	11	0	0	2
[64] † Ophthalmosaurus yasykovi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	154	127	127	0	6	0	0	2
[65] † Palvennia hoybergeti Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	171	109	109	0	7	0	0	2
[66] † Paraophthalmosaurus kabanovi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	212	70	70	0	5	0	0	2
[67] † Paraophthalmosaurus saveljeviensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	200	83	83	0	4	0	0	2
[68] † Parvinatator wapitiensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	185	100	100	0	2	0	0	2
[69] † Pervushovisaurus bannovkensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	261	26	26	0	0	0	0	2
[70] † Pervushovisaurus campylodon Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	266	21	21	0	0	0	0	2
[71] † Pessopteryx nisseri Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	215	69	69	0	3	0	0	2
[72] † Phalarodon callawayi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	150	132	132	0	5	0	0	2
[73] † Phalarodon fraasi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	109	170	170	0	8	0	0	2
[74] † Phalarodon major Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	266	19	19	0	2	0	0	2
[75] † Phantomosaurus neubigi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	209	76	76	0	2	0	0	2
[76] † Platypterygius americanus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	107	167	167	0	13	0	0	2
[77] † Platypterygius australis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	14	255	255	0	18	0	0	2
[78] † Platypterygius hauthali Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	244	40	40	0	3	0	0	2
[79] † Platypterygius hercynicus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	87	188	188	0	12	0	0	2
[80] † Platypterygius platydactylus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	168	113	113	0	6	0	0	2
[81] † Platypterygius sachicarum Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	216	67	67	0	4	0	0	2
[82] † Qianichthyosaurus xingyiensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	130	148	148	0	9	0	0	2
[83] † Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	70	207	207	0	10	0	0	2
[84] † Quasianosteosaurus vikinghoegdai Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	235	50	50	0	2	0	0	2
[85] † Sclerocormus parviceps Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	151	116	116	0	20	0	0	2
[86] † Shastasaurus liangae Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	62	194	194	0	31	0	0	2
[87] † Shastasaurus pacificus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	98	169	169	0	20	0	0	2
[88] † Shastasaurus sikkaniensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	175	95	95	0	17	0	0	2
[89] † Shonisaurus popularis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	70	209	209	0	8	0	0	2
[90] † Simbirskiasaurus birjukovi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	231	53	53	0	3	0	0	2
[91] † Sisteronia seeleyi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	237	47	47	0	3	0	0	2
[92] † Stenopterygius aaleniensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	112	167	167	0	8	0	0	2
[93] † Stenopterygius quadriscissus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	16	264	263	0	8	0	0	2
[94] † Stenopterygius triscissus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	7	270	270	0	10	0	0	2
[95] † Stenopterygius uniter Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	82	200	200	0	5	0	0	2
[96] † Suevoleviathan disinteger Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	48	226	226	0	13	0	0	2
[97] † Suevoleviathan integer Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	54	223	223	0	10	0	0	2
[98] † Sveltonectes insolitus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	80	199	199	0	8	0	0	2
[99] † Temnodontosaurus azerguensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	146	117	117	0	24	0	0	2
[100] † Temnodontosaurus crassimanus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	136	146	146	0	5	0	0	2
[101] † Temnodontosaurus eurycephalus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	221	65	65	0	1	0	0	2
[102] † Temnodontosaurus nuertingensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	212	74	74	0	1	0	0	2
[103] † Temnodontosaurus platyodon Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	7	268	268	0	12	0	0	2
[104] † Temnodontosaurus trigonodon Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	12	263	263	0	12	0	0	2
[105] † Thaisaurus chonglakmanii Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	207	75	75	0	5	0	0	2
[106] † Thalattoarchon saurophagis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	211	75	75	0	1	0	0	2
[107] † Tholodus schmidi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	265	20	20	0	2	0	0	2
[108] † Toretocnemus californicus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	220	63	63	0	4	0	0	2
[109] † Toretocnemus zitteli Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	159	119	119	0	9	0	0	2
[110] † Undorosaurus gorodischensis Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	165	117	117	0	5	0	0	2
[111] † Undorosaurus trautscholdi Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	235	49	49	0	3	0	0	2
[112] † Utatsusaurus hataii Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	91	194	194	0	2	0	0	2
[113] † Wahlisaurus massarae Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	175	109	109	0	3	0	0	2
[114] † Wimanius odontopalatus Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	234	51	51	0	2	0	0	2
[115] † Xinminosaurus catactes Taxon name last Modified on 02/17/21	181	102	102	0	4	0	0	2

Project downloads

type	number of downloads	Individual items downloaded (where applicable)
Total downloads from project	77
Project downloads	64
Matrix downloads	12	Data matrix (12 downloads);
Media downloads	1	M739117 (1 download);