Morphobank

Project 3931: B. C. Moon. 2019. A new phylogeny of ichthyosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (2):129-155.

Specimen: † Ichthyosaurus breviceps (unvouchered)
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Abstract

The largest phylogenetic analysis of ichthyosaurs to date is presented, with 114 ingroup taxa coded at species level. Completeness of the taxa included varied from > 98% to < 2%; 10 taxa were removed a priori using Concatabominations due to incompleteness and taxonomic uncertainty. The data were analysed using three widely used optimization criteria, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference; while similar, each criterion produced different topologies, support and levels of resolution. Maximum parsimony found a poorly-resolved consensus tree with moderate improvement from a posteriori pruning of unstable taxa; however, general support remained low. Tree resolution was reduced more by taxa that lacked codings from phylogenetically important regions of the tree, rather than by those that simply lacked many codings. Resolution present in the most likely tree is poorly supported; sister relationships cannot be confirmed, although similarities are found to the most parsimonious tree. Bayesian inference found poorly resolved consensus trees. While more resolved, an equal-distribution rate prior is significantly worse than the null gamma-distribution rate prior for morphological data, but suggests rate heterogeneity across ichthyosaur phylogeny. Tree comparisons under each analytical criterion failed to select a single best tree; however, the Bayesian inference tree with gamma-distribution rate prior is selected as the best tree based on recent analyses showing improved accuracy using this criterion. Unequivocally resolved clades include Ichthyopterygia, Ichthyosauria, Shastasauria, Euichthyosauria, Parvipelvia and Neoichthyosauria, but with variation in their taxonomic components. Mixosauridae and Ophthalmosauridae are similarly recovered, but their definitions are modified to stem-based definitions to prevent substantial variation of included taxa. Several genera are not monophyletic: Brachypterygius, Leptonectes, Mixosaurus, Ophthalmosaurus, Paraophthalmosaurus, Phalarodon, Platypterygius, Stenopterygius, Temnodontosaurus and Undorosaurus. Complex and variable relationships suggest the need for new characters and a re-evaluation of the state of ichthyosaur phylogenetics.

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Article DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2017.1394922

Project DOI: 10.7934/P3931, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P3931

This project contains	Matrices
1 Media 1 Matrix 115 Taxa 1 Specimen 287 Characters Total size of project's media files: 975.22k Download Project SDD File	Total scored cells: 16532 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0
	Characters
	Total characters: 287 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 619 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:283/4

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MorphoBank Project 3931

Creation Date:
17 February 2021
Publication Date:
17 February 2021
Project views: 11364
Matrix downloads: 10

Authors' Institutions

University of Bristol

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MorphoBank Curator
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115

287

16532
(15779, 0, 753)

Benjamin Moon
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Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M27235' (115 Taxa)

taxon	unscored cells	scored cells	no cell support	NPA cells	"-" cells	cell images	labels on cell images	member access
[1] † Acamptonectes densus Last Modified in 02/17/21	163	120	120	0	4	0	0	2
[2] † Aegirosaurus leptospondylus Last Modified in 02/17/21	92	185	185	0	10	0	0	2
[3] † Arthropterygius chrisorum Last Modified in 02/17/21	222	65	65	0	0	0	0	2
[4] † Athabascasaurus bitumineus Last Modified in 02/17/21	186	95	95	0	6	0	0	2
[5] † Barracudasauroides panxianensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	86	196	196	0	5	0	0	2
[6] † Besanosaurus leptorhynchus Last Modified in 02/17/21	100	181	181	0	6	0	0	2
[7] † Brachypterygius extremus Last Modified in 02/17/21	120	160	160	0	7	0	0	2
[8] † Brachypterygius pseudoscythica Last Modified in 02/17/21	201	80	80	0	6	0	0	2
[9] † Californosaurus perrini Last Modified in 02/17/21	184	102	102	0	1	0	0	2
[10] † Callawayia neoscapularis Last Modified in 02/17/21	60	222	222	0	5	0	0	2
[11] † Cartorhynchus lenticarpus Last Modified in 02/17/21	122	145	145	0	20	0	0	2
[12] † Caypullisaurus bonapartei Last Modified in 02/17/21	109	169	169	0	9	0	0	2
[13] † Chacaicosaurus cayi Last Modified in 02/17/21	225	55	55	0	7	0	0	2
[14] † Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	67	213	213	0	7	0	0	2
[15] † Chaohusaurus geishanensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	176	106	106	0	5	0	0	2
[16] † Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	114	162	162	0	11	0	0	2
[17] † Contectopalatus atavus Last Modified in 02/17/21	58	218	218	0	11	0	0	2
[18] † Cryopterygius kielanae Last Modified in 02/17/21	205	77	77	0	5	0	0	2
[19] † Cryopterygius kristiansenae Last Modified in 02/17/21	112	171	171	0	4	0	0	2
[20] † Cymbospondylus buchseri Last Modified in 02/17/21	164	119	119	0	4	0	0	2
[21] † Cymbospondylus nichollsi Last Modified in 02/17/21	174	108	108	0	5	0	0	2
[22] † Cymbospondylus petrinus Last Modified in 02/17/21	49	229	229	0	9	0	0	2
[23] † Cymbospondylus piscosus Last Modified in 02/17/21	283	4	4	0	0	0	0	2
[24] † Dearcmhara shawcrossi Last Modified in 02/17/21	273	13	13	0	1	0	0	2
[25] † Eurhinosaurus longirostris Last Modified in 02/17/21	29	244	244	0	14	0	0	2
[26] † Excalibosaurus costini Last Modified in 02/17/21	82	197	197	0	8	0	0	2
[27] † Gengasaurus nicosiai Last Modified in 02/17/21	210	75	75	0	2	0	0	2
[28] † Grendelius alekseevi Last Modified in 02/17/21	147	134	134	0	6	0	0	2
[29] † Grendelius zhuravlevi Last Modified in 02/17/21	242	44	44	0	1	0	0	2
[30] † Grippia longirostris Last Modified in 02/17/21	58	222	222	0	7	0	0	2
[31] † Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Last Modified in 02/17/21	29	249	249	0	9	0	0	2
[32] † Guizhouichthyosaurus wolonggangense Last Modified in 02/17/21	123	159	159	0	5	0	0	2
[33] † Gulosaurus helmi Last Modified in 02/17/21	126	158	158	0	3	0	0	2
[34] † Hauffiopteryx typicus Last Modified in 02/17/21	6	272	272	0	9	0	0	2
[35] † Himalayasaurus tibetensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	275	12	12	0	0	0	0	2
[36] † Hudsonelpidia brevirostris Last Modified in 02/17/21	193	90	90	0	4	0	0	2
[37] † Hupehsuchus nanchangensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	114	149	149	0	24	0	0	2
[38] † Ichthyosaurus acutirostris Last Modified in 02/17/21	125	159	159	0	3	0	0	2
[39] † Ichthyosaurus anningae Last Modified in 02/17/21	118	164	164	0	5	0	0	2
[40] † Ichthyosaurus breviceps Last Modified in 02/17/21	59	221	221	0	7	0	0	2
[41] † Ichthyosaurus communis Last Modified in 02/17/21	0	281	281	0	6	0	0	2
[42] † Ichthyosaurus conybeari Last Modified in 02/17/21	71	210	210	0	6	0	0	2
[43] † Ichthyosaurus larkini Last Modified in 02/17/21	71	208	208	0	8	0	0	2
[44] † Ichthyosaurus somersetensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	47	233	233	0	7	0	0	2
[45] † Isfjordosaurus minor Last Modified in 02/17/21	274	13	13	0	0	0	0	2
[46] † Janusaurus lundi Last Modified in 02/17/21	128	149	149	0	10	0	0	2
[47] † Keilhauia nui Last Modified in 02/17/21	216	68	68	0	3	0	0	2
[48] † Leninia stellans Last Modified in 02/17/21	206	77	77	0	4	0	0	2
[49] † Leptonectes moorei Last Modified in 02/17/21	164	118	118	0	5	0	0	2
[50] † Leptonectes solei Last Modified in 02/17/21	167	119	119	0	1	0	0	2
[51] † Leptonectes tenuirostris Last Modified in 02/17/21	26	250	250	0	11	0	0	2
[52] † Macgowania janiceps Last Modified in 02/17/21	174	110	110	0	3	0	0	2
[53] † Maiaspondylus lindoei Last Modified in 02/17/21	199	83	83	0	5	0	0	2
[54] † Malawania anachronus Last Modified in 02/17/21	221	62	62	0	4	0	0	2
[55] † Mikadocephalus gracilirostris Last Modified in 02/17/21	175	110	109	0	3	0	0	2
[56] † Mixosaurus cornalianus Last Modified in 02/17/21	25	254	254	0	8	0	0	2
[57] † Mixosaurus kuhnschneyderi Last Modified in 02/17/21	126	155	155	0	6	0	0	2
[58] † Mixosaurus xindianensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	91	193	193	0	3	0	0	2
[59] † Mollesaurus periallus Last Modified in 02/17/21	187	99	99	0	1	0	0	2
[60] † Muiscasaurus catheti Last Modified in 02/17/21	207	78	78	0	2	0	0	2
[61] † Nannopterygius enthekiodon Last Modified in 02/17/21	195	91	91	0	1	0	0	2
[62] † Ophthalmosaurus icenicus Last Modified in 02/17/21	0	277	277	0	10	0	0	2
[63] † Ophthalmosaurus natans Last Modified in 02/17/21	55	221	221	0	11	0	0	2
[64] † Ophthalmosaurus yasykovi Last Modified in 02/17/21	154	127	127	0	6	0	0	2
[65] † Palvennia hoybergeti Last Modified in 02/17/21	171	109	109	0	7	0	0	2
[66] † Paraophthalmosaurus kabanovi Last Modified in 02/17/21	212	70	70	0	5	0	0	2
[67] † Paraophthalmosaurus saveljeviensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	200	83	83	0	4	0	0	2
[68] † Parvinatator wapitiensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	185	100	100	0	2	0	0	2
[69] † Pervushovisaurus bannovkensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	261	26	26	0	0	0	0	2
[70] † Pervushovisaurus campylodon Last Modified in 02/17/21	266	21	21	0	0	0	0	2
[71] † Pessopteryx nisseri Last Modified in 02/17/21	215	69	69	0	3	0	0	2
[72] † Phalarodon callawayi Last Modified in 02/17/21	150	132	132	0	5	0	0	2
[73] † Phalarodon fraasi Last Modified in 02/17/21	109	170	170	0	8	0	0	2
[74] † Phalarodon major Last Modified in 02/17/21	266	19	19	0	2	0	0	2
[75] † Phantomosaurus neubigi Last Modified in 02/17/21	209	76	76	0	2	0	0	2
[76] † Platypterygius americanus Last Modified in 02/17/21	107	167	167	0	13	0	0	2
[77] † Platypterygius australis Last Modified in 02/17/21	14	255	255	0	18	0	0	2
[78] † Platypterygius hauthali Last Modified in 02/17/21	244	40	40	0	3	0	0	2
[79] † Platypterygius hercynicus Last Modified in 02/17/21	87	188	188	0	12	0	0	2
[80] † Platypterygius platydactylus Last Modified in 02/17/21	168	113	113	0	6	0	0	2
[81] † Platypterygius sachicarum Last Modified in 02/17/21	216	67	67	0	4	0	0	2
[82] † Qianichthyosaurus xingyiensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	130	148	148	0	9	0	0	2
[83] † Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Last Modified in 02/17/21	70	207	207	0	10	0	0	2
[84] † Quasianosteosaurus vikinghoegdai Last Modified in 02/17/21	235	50	50	0	2	0	0	2
[85] † Sclerocormus parviceps Last Modified in 02/17/21	151	116	116	0	20	0	0	2
[86] † Shastasaurus liangae Last Modified in 02/17/21	62	194	194	0	31	0	0	2
[87] † Shastasaurus pacificus Last Modified in 02/17/21	98	169	169	0	20	0	0	2
[88] † Shastasaurus sikkaniensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	175	95	95	0	17	0	0	2
[89] † Shonisaurus popularis Last Modified in 02/17/21	70	209	209	0	8	0	0	2
[90] † Simbirskiasaurus birjukovi Last Modified in 02/17/21	231	53	53	0	3	0	0	2
[91] † Sisteronia seeleyi Last Modified in 02/17/21	237	47	47	0	3	0	0	2
[92] † Stenopterygius aaleniensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	112	167	167	0	8	0	0	2
[93] † Stenopterygius quadriscissus Last Modified in 02/17/21	16	264	263	0	8	0	0	2
[94] † Stenopterygius triscissus Last Modified in 02/17/21	7	270	270	0	10	0	0	2
[95] † Stenopterygius uniter Last Modified in 02/17/21	82	200	200	0	5	0	0	2
[96] † Suevoleviathan disinteger Last Modified in 02/17/21	48	226	226	0	13	0	0	2
[97] † Suevoleviathan integer Last Modified in 02/17/21	54	223	223	0	10	0	0	2
[98] † Sveltonectes insolitus Last Modified in 02/17/21	80	199	199	0	8	0	0	2
[99] † Temnodontosaurus azerguensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	146	117	117	0	24	0	0	2
[100] † Temnodontosaurus crassimanus Last Modified in 02/17/21	136	146	146	0	5	0	0	2
[101] † Temnodontosaurus eurycephalus Last Modified in 02/17/21	221	65	65	0	1	0	0	2
[102] † Temnodontosaurus nuertingensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	212	74	74	0	1	0	0	2
[103] † Temnodontosaurus platyodon Last Modified in 02/17/21	7	268	268	0	12	0	0	2
[104] † Temnodontosaurus trigonodon Last Modified in 02/17/21	12	263	263	0	12	0	0	2
[105] † Thaisaurus chonglakmanii Last Modified in 02/17/21	207	75	75	0	5	0	0	2
[106] † Thalattoarchon saurophagis Last Modified in 02/17/21	211	75	75	0	1	0	0	2
[107] † Tholodus schmidi Last Modified in 02/17/21	265	20	20	0	2	0	0	2
[108] † Toretocnemus californicus Last Modified in 02/17/21	220	63	63	0	4	0	0	2
[109] † Toretocnemus zitteli Last Modified in 02/17/21	159	119	119	0	9	0	0	2
[110] † Undorosaurus gorodischensis Last Modified in 02/17/21	165	117	117	0	5	0	0	2
[111] † Undorosaurus trautscholdi Last Modified in 02/17/21	235	49	49	0	3	0	0	2
[112] † Utatsusaurus hataii Last Modified in 02/17/21	91	194	194	0	2	0	0	2
[113] † Wahlisaurus massarae Last Modified in 02/17/21	175	109	109	0	3	0	0	2
[114] † Wimanius odontopalatus Last Modified in 02/17/21	234	51	51	0	2	0	0	2
[115] † Xinminosaurus catactes Last Modified in 02/17/21	181	102	102	0	4	0	0	2

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Media views	1971	Media search (1645 views); M739117 (326 views);
Views for media list	550
Taxon list	6125
Specimen list	936
Bibliography	390
Documents list	3

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type	number of downloads	Individual items downloaded (where applicable)
Total downloads from project	74
Project downloads	64
Matrix downloads	10	Data matrix (10 downloads);