Morphobank

Project 3958: S. Giovanardi, D. T. Ksepka, D. B. Thomas. 2021. A giant Oligocene fossil penguin from the North Island of New Zealand. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Early View:none yet.

Specimen: † Kairuku waewaeroa (Waikato Museum: 2006/1/1)
View: Ventral view

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Abstract

Penguins (Sphenisciformes) have arguably the most complete and continuous fossil record of any avian clade, offering an ever-improving understanding of penguin phylogeny, biogeography, and the evolution of wing-propelled diving. Yet, our knowledge of the precise body proportions of stem-group penguins remains poor due to a dearth of articulated specimens. Here, we describe Kairuku waewaeroa sp. nov., a new giant penguin species from the Glen Massey Formation (Whaingaroan stage, 34.6–27.3 Ma). The holotype skeleton, discovered in Kawhia Harbour, North Island, New Zealand, is one of the most complete skeletons of a giant penguin yet uncovered. Our phylogenetic analysis recovers a clade uniting the New Zealand endemics Kairuku waewaeroa, Kairuku waitaki, and Kairuku grebneffi, which is supported by synapomorphies including a stout femoral shaft and tibiotarsi with a distinctly convex medial condyle. Kairuku waewaeroa is unique among stem penguins in having elongate tibiotarsi, revealing a new long-legged stem penguin body plan. The discovery of Kairuku waewaeroa contributes yet another penguin species to an Oligocene avifauna for Zealandia that is replete with giant birds.

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Article DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2021.1953047

Project DOI: 10.7934/P3958, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P3958

This project contains	Matrices
1 Media 1 Matrix 2 Documents 79 Taxa 1 Specimen 284 Characters Total size of project's media files: 506.17k Download Project SDD File	Total scored cells: 12680 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0
	Characters
	Total characters: 284 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 697 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:244/40

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MorphoBank Project 3958

Creation Date:
14 March 2021
Publication Date:
16 September 2021
Project views: 6132
Matrix downloads: 1

Authors' Institutions

Massey University

Bruce Museum

Members

Simone Giovanardi
Project Administrator

284

12680
(10826, 0, 1854)

Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M27301' (79 Taxa)

taxon	unscored cells	scored cells	no cell support	NPA cells	"-" cells	cell images	labels on cell images	member access
[1] Gavia immer Last Modified in 03/14/21	35	200	200	0	49	0	0	1
[2] Gavia stellata Last Modified in 03/14/21	25	211	210	0	49	0	0	1
[3] Daption capense Last Modified in 03/14/21	28	208	208	0	48	0	0	1
[4] Diomedea exulans Last Modified in 03/14/21	42	194	194	0	48	0	0	1
[5] Macronectes giganteus Last Modified in 03/14/21	27	211	207	0	50	0	0	1
[6] Oceanites oceanicus Last Modified in 03/14/21	28	207	207	0	49	0	0	1
[7] Oceanodroma leucorhoa Last Modified in 03/14/21	29	205	205	0	50	0	0	1
[8] † Pachyptila desolata Last Modified in 09/16/21	28	208	207	0	49	0	0	1
[9] Pelecanoides urinatrix Last Modified in 03/14/21	28	207	206	0	50	0	0	1
[10] Phoebastria albatrus Last Modified in 03/14/21	39	199	199	0	46	0	0	1
[11] Phoebastria immutabilis Last Modified in 03/14/21	39	197	197	0	48	0	0	1
[12] Phoebetria palpebrata Last Modified in 03/14/21	30	205	205	0	49	0	0	1
[13] Procellaria cinerea Last Modified in 03/14/21	97	175	175	0	12	0	0	1
[14] Pterodroma brevirostris Last Modified in 03/14/21	95	177	177	0	12	0	0	1
[15] Puffinus gravis Last Modified in 03/14/21	37	200	199	0	48	0	0	1
[16] Thalassarche melanophrys Last Modified in 03/14/21	37	199	198	0	49	0	0	1
[17] Aptenodytes forsteri Last Modified in 03/14/21	8	272	270	0	6	0	0	1
[18] Aptenodytes patagonicus Last Modified in 03/14/21	12	268	266	0	6	0	0	1
[19] Pygoscelis antarctica Last Modified in 03/14/21	13	269	266	0	5	0	0	1
[20] Pygoscelis papua Last Modified in 03/14/21	14	271	265	0	5	0	0	1
[21] † Pygoscelis adeliae Last Modified in 09/16/21	11	269	268	0	5	0	0	1
[22] † Madrynornis mirandus Last Modified in 09/16/21	15	141	141	0	128	0	0	1
[23] Megadyptes antipodes Last Modified in 03/14/21	12	267	267	0	5	0	0	1
[24] Eudyptes chrysolophus Last Modified in 03/14/21	9	275	274	0	1	0	0	1
[25] Eudyptes chrysocome Last Modified in 03/14/21	35	248	247	0	2	0	0	1
[26] Eudyptes filholi Last Modified in 03/14/21	34	248	248	0	2	0	0	1
[27] Eudyptes moseleyi Last Modified in 03/14/21	29	254	253	0	2	0	0	1
[28] Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Last Modified in 03/14/21	12	274	270	0	2	0	0	1
[29] Eudyptes robustus Last Modified in 03/14/21	32	253	250	0	2	0	0	1
[30] Eudyptes schlegeli Last Modified in 03/14/21	19	264	263	0	2	0	0	1
[31] Eudyptes sclateri Last Modified in 03/14/21	31	254	252	0	1	0	0	1
[32] Eudyptula minor Last Modified in 03/14/21	8	275	272	0	4	0	0	1
[33] Eudyptula novaehollandiae Last Modified in 03/14/21	8	276	272	0	4	0	0	1
[34] † Inguza predemersus Last Modified in 09/16/21	212	71	71	0	1	0	0	1
[35] † Nucleornis insolitus Last Modified in 09/16/21	270	11	11	0	3	0	0	1
[36] Spheniscus demersus Last Modified in 03/14/21	11	271	269	0	4	0	0	1
[37] Spheniscus magellanicus Last Modified in 03/14/21	13	268	267	0	4	0	0	1
[38] Spheniscus humboldti Last Modified in 03/14/21	11	271	269	0	4	0	0	1
[39] Spheniscus mendiculus Last Modified in 03/14/21	14	265	265	0	5	0	0	1
[40] Spheniscus urbinai Last Modified in 03/14/21	177	108	107	0	0	0	0	1
[41] † Spheniscus megaramphus Last Modified in 09/16/21	230	46	46	0	8	0	0	1
[42] † Spheniscus muizoni Last Modified in 09/16/21	107	57	57	0	120	0	0	1
[43] † Marplesornis novaezealandiae Last Modified in 09/16/21	188	72	72	0	24	0	0	1
[44] † Palaeospheniscus biloculata Last Modified in 09/16/21	75	64	64	0	145	0	0	1
[45] † Palaeospheniscus bergi Last Modified in 09/16/21	202	69	68	0	14	0	0	1
[46] † Palaeospheniscus patagonicus Last Modified in 09/16/21	179	83	82	0	23	0	0	1
[47] † Eretiscus tonnii Last Modified in 09/16/21	230	36	36	0	18	0	0	1
[48] † Platydyptes novaezealandiae Last Modified in 09/16/21	221	42	42	0	21	0	0	1
[49] † Platydyptes marplesi Last Modified in 09/16/21	207	61	61	0	16	0	0	1
[50] † Pachydyptes ponderosus Last Modified in 09/16/21	200	47	46	0	38	0	0	1
[51] † Paraptenodytes antarcticus Last Modified in 09/16/21	185	83	83	0	16	0	0	1
[52] † Archaeospheniscus lowei Last Modified in 09/16/21	224	46	46	0	14	0	0	1
[53] † Archaeospheniscus lopdelli Last Modified in 09/16/21	232	34	34	0	18	0	0	1
[54] † Perudyptes devriesi Last Modified in 09/16/21	194	60	59	0	31	0	0	1
[55] † Icadyptes salasi Last Modified in 09/16/21	166	93	93	0	25	0	0	1
[56] † Inkayacu paracasensis Last Modified in 09/16/21	163	121	121	0	0	0	0	1
[57] † Burnside palaeeudyptes Last Modified in 09/16/21	208	54	54	0	22	0	0	1
[58] † Kairuku waitaki Last Modified in 09/16/21	199	74	74	0	11	0	0	1
[59] † Kairuku grebneffi Last Modified in 09/16/21	185	96	96	0	3	0	0	1
[60] † Palaeeudyptes klekowskii Last Modified in 09/16/21	192	67	66	0	26	0	0	1
[61] † Palaeeudyptes gunnari Last Modified in 09/16/21	199	60	59	0	26	0	0	1
[62] † Anthropornis sp. UCMP 321023 Last Modified in 09/16/21	263	7	7	0	14	0	0	1
[63] † Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi Last Modified in 09/16/21	227	40	40	0	17	0	0	1
[64] † Anthropornis grandis Last Modified in 09/16/21	235	27	27	0	22	0	0	1
[65] † Notodyptes wimani Last Modified in 09/16/21	250	11	10	0	24	0	0	1
[66] † Delphinornis gracilis Last Modified in 09/16/21	241	18	17	0	26	0	0	1
[67] † Delphinornis arctowskii Last Modified in 09/16/21	243	15	15	0	26	0	0	1
[68] † Delphinornis larseni Last Modified in 09/16/21	236	23	22	0	26	0	0	1
[69] † Mesetaornis polaris Last Modified in 09/16/21	240	17	17	0	27	0	0	1
[70] † Marambiornis exilis Last Modified in 09/16/21	241	17	17	0	26	0	0	1
[71] † Muriwaimanu tuatahi Last Modified in 09/16/21	176	94	94	0	14	0	0	1
[72] † Waimanu manneringi Last Modified in 09/16/21	231	27	27	0	26	0	0	1
[73] † Duntroonornis parvus Last Modified in 09/16/21	264	6	6	0	14	0	0	1
[74] † Pygoscelis grandis Last Modified in 09/16/21	201	31	31	0	52	0	0	1
[75] † Palaeeudyptes antarcticus Last Modified in 09/16/21	260	13	13	0	11	0	0	1
[76] † Kairuku waewaeroa Last Modified in 09/16/21	211	73	73	0	0	0	0	1
[77] † Kumimanu biceae Last Modified in 09/16/21	259	25	25	0	0	0	0	1
[78] † Sequiwaimanu rosieae Last Modified in 09/16/21	187	96	96	0	1	0	0	1
[79] † Kuopoupou stilwelli Last Modified in 09/16/21	211	75	73	0	0	0	0	1

Project views

type	number of views	Individual items viewed (where applicable)
Total project views	6132
Project overview	460
Media views	1114	Media search (939 views); M823647 (175 views);
Matrix views	421	Matrix landing page (355 views); Morphological matrix (66 views);
Documents list	327
Views for media list	363
Taxon list	2592
Bibliography	237
Specimen list	618

Project downloads

type	number of downloads	Individual items downloaded (where applicable)
Total downloads from project	52
Project downloads	45
Document downloads	6	Bones measurements (2 downloads); Files for the phylogenetic analysis (4 downloads);
Matrix downloads	1	Morphological matrix (1 download);