Morphobank

Project 3958: S. Giovanardi, D. T. Ksepka, D. B. Thomas. 2021. A giant Oligocene fossil penguin from the North Island of New Zealand. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Early View:none yet.

Specimen: † Kairuku waewaeroa (Waikato Museum: 2006/1/1)
View: Ventral view

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Abstract

Penguins (Sphenisciformes) have arguably the most complete and continuous fossil record of any avian clade, offering an ever-improving understanding of penguin phylogeny, biogeography, and the evolution of wing-propelled diving. Yet, our knowledge of the precise body proportions of stem-group penguins remains poor due to a dearth of articulated specimens. Here, we describe Kairuku waewaeroa sp. nov., a new giant penguin species from the Glen Massey Formation (Whaingaroan stage, 34.6–27.3 Ma). The holotype skeleton, discovered in Kawhia Harbour, North Island, New Zealand, is one of the most complete skeletons of a giant penguin yet uncovered. Our phylogenetic analysis recovers a clade uniting the New Zealand endemics Kairuku waewaeroa, Kairuku waitaki, and Kairuku grebneffi, which is supported by synapomorphies including a stout femoral shaft and tibiotarsi with a distinctly convex medial condyle. Kairuku waewaeroa is unique among stem penguins in having elongate tibiotarsi, revealing a new long-legged stem penguin body plan. The discovery of Kairuku waewaeroa contributes yet another penguin species to an Oligocene avifauna for Zealandia that is replete with giant birds.

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Article DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2021.1953047

Project DOI: 10.7934/P3958, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P3958

This project contains	Matrices
1 Media 1 Matrix 2 Documents 79 Taxa 1 Specimen 284 Characters Total size of project's media files: 506.17k Download Project SDD File	Total scored cells: 12680 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0
	Characters
	Total characters: 284 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 697 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:244/40

Currently Viewing:
MorphoBank Project 3958

Creation Date:
14 March 2021
Publication Date:
16 September 2021
Matrix downloads: 3

Authors' Institutions

Massey University

Bruce Museum

Members

Simone Giovanardi
Project Administrator

284

12680
(10826, 0, 1854)

Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M27301' (79 Taxa)

taxon	unscored cells	scored cells	no cell support	NPA cells	"-" cells	cell images	labels on cell images	member access
[1] Gavia immer Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	35	200	200	0	49	0	0	1
[2] Gavia stellata Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	25	211	210	0	49	0	0	1
[3] Daption capense Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	28	208	208	0	48	0	0	1
[4] Diomedea exulans Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	42	194	194	0	48	0	0	1
[5] Macronectes giganteus Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	27	211	207	0	50	0	0	1
[6] Oceanites oceanicus Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	28	207	207	0	49	0	0	1
[7] Oceanodroma leucorhoa Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	29	205	205	0	50	0	0	1
[8] † Pachyptila desolata Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	28	208	207	0	49	0	0	1
[9] Pelecanoides urinatrix Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	28	207	206	0	50	0	0	1
[10] Phoebastria albatrus Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	39	199	199	0	46	0	0	1
[11] Phoebastria immutabilis Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	39	197	197	0	48	0	0	1
[12] Phoebetria palpebrata Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	30	205	205	0	49	0	0	1
[13] Procellaria cinerea Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	97	175	175	0	12	0	0	1
[14] Pterodroma brevirostris Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	95	177	177	0	12	0	0	1
[15] Puffinus gravis Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	37	200	199	0	48	0	0	1
[16] Thalassarche melanophrys Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	37	199	198	0	49	0	0	1
[17] Aptenodytes forsteri Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	8	272	270	0	6	0	0	1
[18] Aptenodytes patagonicus Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	12	268	266	0	6	0	0	1
[19] Pygoscelis antarctica Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	13	269	266	0	5	0	0	1
[20] Pygoscelis papua Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	14	271	265	0	5	0	0	1
[21] † Pygoscelis adeliae Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	11	269	268	0	5	0	0	1
[22] † Madrynornis mirandus Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	15	141	141	0	128	0	0	1
[23] Megadyptes antipodes Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	12	267	267	0	5	0	0	1
[24] Eudyptes chrysolophus Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	9	275	274	0	1	0	0	1
[25] Eudyptes chrysocome Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	35	248	247	0	2	0	0	1
[26] Eudyptes filholi Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	34	248	248	0	2	0	0	1
[27] Eudyptes moseleyi Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	29	254	253	0	2	0	0	1
[28] Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	12	274	270	0	2	0	0	1
[29] Eudyptes robustus Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	32	253	250	0	2	0	0	1
[30] Eudyptes schlegeli Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	19	264	263	0	2	0	0	1
[31] Eudyptes sclateri Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	31	254	252	0	1	0	0	1
[32] Eudyptula minor Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	8	275	272	0	4	0	0	1
[33] Eudyptula novaehollandiae Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	8	276	272	0	4	0	0	1
[34] † Inguza predemersus Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	212	71	71	0	1	0	0	1
[35] † Nucleornis insolitus Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	270	11	11	0	3	0	0	1
[36] Spheniscus demersus Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	11	271	269	0	4	0	0	1
[37] Spheniscus magellanicus Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	13	268	267	0	4	0	0	1
[38] Spheniscus humboldti Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	11	271	269	0	4	0	0	1
[39] Spheniscus mendiculus Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	14	265	265	0	5	0	0	1
[40] Spheniscus urbinai Taxon name last Modified on 03/14/21	177	108	107	0	0	0	0	1
[41] † Spheniscus megaramphus Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	230	46	46	0	8	0	0	1
[42] † Spheniscus muizoni Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	107	57	57	0	120	0	0	1
[43] † Marplesornis novaezealandiae Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	188	72	72	0	24	0	0	1
[44] † Palaeospheniscus biloculata Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	75	64	64	0	145	0	0	1
[45] † Palaeospheniscus bergi Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	202	69	68	0	14	0	0	1
[46] † Palaeospheniscus patagonicus Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	179	83	82	0	23	0	0	1
[47] † Eretiscus tonnii Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	230	36	36	0	18	0	0	1
[48] † Platydyptes novaezealandiae Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	221	42	42	0	21	0	0	1
[49] † Platydyptes marplesi Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	207	61	61	0	16	0	0	1
[50] † Pachydyptes ponderosus Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	200	47	46	0	38	0	0	1
[51] † Paraptenodytes antarcticus Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	185	83	83	0	16	0	0	1
[52] † Archaeospheniscus lowei Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	224	46	46	0	14	0	0	1
[53] † Archaeospheniscus lopdelli Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	232	34	34	0	18	0	0	1
[54] † Perudyptes devriesi Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	194	60	59	0	31	0	0	1
[55] † Icadyptes salasi Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	166	93	93	0	25	0	0	1
[56] † Inkayacu paracasensis Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	163	121	121	0	0	0	0	1
[57] † Burnside palaeeudyptes Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	208	54	54	0	22	0	0	1
[58] † Kairuku waitaki Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	199	74	74	0	11	0	0	1
[59] † Kairuku grebneffi Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	185	96	96	0	3	0	0	1
[60] † Palaeeudyptes klekowskii Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	192	67	66	0	26	0	0	1
[61] † Palaeeudyptes gunnari Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	199	60	59	0	26	0	0	1
[62] † Anthropornis sp. UCMP 321023 Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	263	7	7	0	14	0	0	1
[63] † Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	227	40	40	0	17	0	0	1
[64] † Anthropornis grandis Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	235	27	27	0	22	0	0	1
[65] † Notodyptes wimani Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	250	11	10	0	24	0	0	1
[66] † Delphinornis gracilis Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	241	18	17	0	26	0	0	1
[67] † Delphinornis arctowskii Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	243	15	15	0	26	0	0	1
[68] † Delphinornis larseni Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	236	23	22	0	26	0	0	1
[69] † Mesetaornis polaris Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	240	17	17	0	27	0	0	1
[70] † Marambiornis exilis Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	241	17	17	0	26	0	0	1
[71] † Muriwaimanu tuatahi Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	176	94	94	0	14	0	0	1
[72] † Waimanu manneringi Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	231	27	27	0	26	0	0	1
[73] † Duntroonornis parvus Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	264	6	6	0	14	0	0	1
[74] † Pygoscelis grandis Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	201	31	31	0	52	0	0	1
[75] † Palaeeudyptes antarcticus Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	260	13	13	0	11	0	0	1
[76] † Kairuku waewaeroa Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	211	73	73	0	0	0	0	1
[77] † Kumimanu biceae Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	259	25	25	0	0	0	0	1
[78] † Sequiwaimanu rosieae Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	187	96	96	0	1	0	0	1
[79] † Kuopoupou stilwelli Taxon name last Modified on 09/16/21	211	75	73	0	0	0	0	1

Project downloads

type	number of downloads	Individual items downloaded (where applicable)
Total downloads from project	55
Project downloads	46
Document downloads	6	Bones measurements (2 downloads); Files for the phylogenetic analysis (4 downloads);
Matrix downloads	3	Morphological matrix (3 downloads);