Project 4133: J. S. Bittencourt, T. R. Simões, M. W. Caldwell, M. C. Langer. 2020. Discovery of the oldest South American fossil lizard illustrates the cosmopolitanism of early South American squamates. Communications Biology. 3 (1):null.
Abstract
Squamates have an extremely long evolutionary history with a fossil record that extends into the Middle Triassic. However, most of our knowledge of their early evolutionary history is derived from Laurasian records. Therefore, fundamental questions regarding the early evolution of squamates in the Southern Hemisphere, such as the origins of the extremely diverse and endemic South American fauna, remain unanswered. Here, we describe a new lizard species that represents the oldest fossil squamate from South America, demonstrating that squamates were present on that continent at least 20 million years earlier than previously recorded. The new species represents the first occurrence of the extinct squamate family Paramacellodidae in South America and displays an unusual limb morphology. Finally, our findings suggest early South American squamates were part of a much broader distribution of their respective clades, in sharp contrast to the high levels of endemicity characteristic of modern faunas.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0926-0
Project DOI: 10.7934/P4133, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P4133
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 31478 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 349 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 757 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:349/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 4133
MorphoBank Project 4133
- Creation Date:
23 November 2021 - Publication Date:
10 August 2022 - Project views: 5840
- Matrix downloads: 2
Authors' Institutions
- Harvard University
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- University of Alberta
- Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP, University of Sao Paulo)
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
MorphoBank Curator Project Administrator | 131 | 1 | 1 | 349 | 0 | 0 | 31478 (28757, 0, 2721) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M28906' (131 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] † Protorothyris archeri Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 96 | 242 | 242 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[2] † Protocaptorhinus pricei Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 178 | 161 | 161 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[3] † Captorhinus aguti Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 25 | 309 | 308 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[4] † Labidosaurus hamatus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 16 | 318 | 318 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[5] † Eunotosaurus africanus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 100 | 240 | 240 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[6] † Proganochelys queensdedti Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 30 | 302 | 302 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[7] † Odontochelys semitestacea Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 226 | 115 | 115 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[8] † Kayentachelys aprix Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 94 | 211 | 211 | 0 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[9] † Petrolacosaurus kansensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 80 | 258 | 258 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[10] † Araeoscelis gracilis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 135 | 204 | 204 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[11] † Araeoscelis casei Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 138 | 203 | 203 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[12] † Claudiosaurus germaini Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 145 | 196 | 196 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[13] † Youngina capensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 117 | 227 | 223 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[14] † Hovasaurus boulei Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 173 | 170 | 170 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[15] † Acerosodontosaurus piveteaui Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 225 | 118 | 118 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[16] † Saurosternon bainii Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 279 | 67 | 67 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[17] † Coelurosauravus jaekeli Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 208 | 128 | 128 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[18] † Coelurosauravus elivensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 225 | 112 | 112 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[19] † Hupehsuchus nanchangensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 176 | 168 | 168 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[20] † Parvinatator wapitiensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 259 | 88 | 88 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[21] † Gulosaurus helmi Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 210 | 132 | 132 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[22] † Utatsusaurus hataii Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 169 | 168 | 168 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[23] † Mixosaurus panxianensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 118 | 219 | 219 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[24] † Prolacerta broomi Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 35 | 304 | 302 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[25] † Protorosaurus speneri Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 116 | 221 | 221 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[26] † Tanystropheus longobardicus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 115 | 216 | 215 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[27] † Langobardisaurus pandolfii Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 194 | 135 | 135 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[28] † Megalancosaurus preonensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 212 | 127 | 127 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[29] † Macrocnemus fuyuanensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 172 | 164 | 164 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[30] † Macrocnemus bassanii Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 130 | 201 | 201 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[31] † Endennasaurus acutirostris Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 175 | 161 | 161 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[32] † Askeptosaurus italicus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 62 | 271 | 271 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[33] † Xinpusaurus kohi Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 164 | 167 | 166 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[34] † Philydrosaurus proseilus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 126 | 210 | 210 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[35] † Champsosaurus lindoei Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 89 | 244 | 244 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[36] † Trilophosaurus buettneri Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 59 | 273 | 272 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[37] † Mesosuchus browni Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 47 | 295 | 295 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[38] † Howesia browni Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 214 | 132 | 132 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[39] † Teyumbaita sulcognathus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 90 | 244 | 244 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[40] † Hyperodapedon huenei Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 66 | 268 | 268 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[41] † Proterosuchus alexanderi Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 85 | 256 | 256 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[42] † Proterosuchus fergusi Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 174 | 168 | 168 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[43] † Euparkeria capensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 58 | 284 | 283 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[44] † Erythrosuchus africanus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 80 | 260 | 260 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[45] † Largocephalosaurus qianensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 130 | 204 | 204 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[46] † Sinosaurosphargis yunguiensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 165 | 163 | 163 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[47] † Cyamodus hildegardis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 166 | 173 | 173 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[48] † Placodus gigas Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 22 | 306 | 304 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[49] † Wumengosaurus delicatomandibularis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 152 | 187 | 187 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[50] † Serpianosaurus mirigioliensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 58 | 273 | 272 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[51] † Lariosaurus calcagnii Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 88 | 245 | 245 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[52] † Pistosaurus longaevus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 172 | 156 | 156 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[53] † Palaegama vielhaueri Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 268 | 76 | 76 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[54] † Kuehneosaurus latus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 130 | 205 | 204 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[55] † Icarosaurus siefkeri Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 215 | 126 | 125 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[56] † Pamelina polonica Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 230 | 111 | 110 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[57] † Megachirella wachtleri Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 170 | 167 | 167 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[58] † Marmoretta oxoniensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 260 | 84 | 84 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[59] † Paliguana whitei Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 277 | 70 | 70 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[60] † Sophineta cracoviensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 238 | 106 | 106 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[61] † Gephyrosaurus bridensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 94 | 242 | 242 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[62] † Diphyodontosaurus avonis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 175 | 164 | 164 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[63] † Planocephalosaurus robinsonae Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 187 | 148 | 148 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[64] † Homeosaurus maximiliani Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 205 | 132 | 132 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[65] † Clevosaurus hudsoni Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 97 | 236 | 236 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[66] † Palaeopleurosaurus posidoniae Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 91 | 239 | 239 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[67] † Kallimodon pulchellus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 98 | 235 | 235 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[68] † Priosphenodon avelasi Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 116 | 206 | 206 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[69] Sphenodon punctatus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 1 | 327 | 325 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[70] Trioceros jacksonii Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 10 | 301 | 301 | 0 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[71] Uromastyx aegyptia Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 1 | 327 | 326 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[72] † Priscagama gobiensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 120 | 205 | 204 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[73] † Pleurodontagama aenigmatoides Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 207 | 131 | 131 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[74] Igua minuta Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 252 | 93 | 93 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[75] † Polrussia mongoliensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 245 | 96 | 96 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[76] Oplurus cyclurus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 6 | 323 | 322 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[77] Stenocercus scapularis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 2 | 328 | 328 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[78] Hoplocercus spinosus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 2 | 331 | 331 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[79] Pristidactylus scapulatus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 1 | 333 | 332 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[80] Iguana iguana Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 0 | 334 | 333 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[81] Polychrus marmoratus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 1 | 333 | 329 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[82] Crotaphytus collaris Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 0 | 331 | 329 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[83] Liolaemus signifer Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 0 | 332 | 330 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[84] Leiocephalus carinatus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 1 | 335 | 333 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[85] Phrynosoma modestum Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 8 | 315 | 314 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[86] Plestiodon fasciatus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 2 | 327 | 325 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[87] Mabuya mabouya Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 3 | 326 | 325 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[88] † Slavoia darevskii Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 86 | 255 | 252 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[89] † Globaura venusta Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 131 | 209 | 206 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[90] Cordylus niger Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 4 | 332 | 332 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[91] Broadleysaurus major Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 2 | 335 | 335 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[92] Timon lepidus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 4 | 329 | 329 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[93] Lacerta viridis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 4 | 326 | 325 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[94] † Meyasaurus diazromerali Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 154 | 186 | 185 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[95] † Paramacellodus oweni Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 272 | 77 | 77 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[96] † Gobinatus arenosus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 102 | 237 | 235 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[97] † Gilmoreteius chulsanensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 36 | 297 | 294 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[98] Teius teyou Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 0 | 334 | 333 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[99] Petracola ventrimaculatus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 7 | 322 | 322 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[100] Xantusia vigilis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 2 | 318 | 317 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[101] † Tepexisaurus tepexii Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 173 | 167 | 167 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[102] † Ardeosaurus brevipes Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 265 | 76 | 76 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[103] † Eichstaettisaurus schroederi Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 164 | 169 | 169 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[104] † Gobekko cretacicus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 254 | 83 | 83 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[105] Dactylocnemis pacificus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 11 | 304 | 304 | 0 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[106] Gekko gecko Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 2 | 315 | 313 | 0 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[107] Coleonyx variegatus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 7 | 308 | 306 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[108] † Huehuecuetzpalli mixtecus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 149 | 183 | 183 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[109] † Dalinghosaurus longidigitus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 207 | 131 | 131 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[110] Xenosaurus grandis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 0 | 330 | 329 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[111] Pseudopus apodus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 1 | 290 | 289 | 0 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[112] Elgaria multicarinata Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 0 | 335 | 335 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[113] Heloderma suspectum Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 2 | 326 | 325 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[114] Lanthanotus borneensis Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 0 | 325 | 324 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[115] Varanus salvator Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 4 | 328 | 327 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[116] † Aigialosaurus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 133 | 198 | 197 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[117] † Adriosaurus suessi Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 248 | 96 | 96 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[118] † Pontosaurus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 126 | 202 | 200 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[119] † Najash rionegrina Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 255 | 54 | 54 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[120] † Dinilysia patagonica Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 64 | 209 | 209 | 0 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[121] † Pachyrhachis problematicus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 130 | 151 | 151 | 0 | 68 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[122] Cylindrophis ruffus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 7 | 238 | 238 | 0 | 104 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[123] Xenopeltis unicolor Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 2 | 230 | 229 | 0 | 118 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[124] Anilius scytale Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 7 | 238 | 238 | 0 | 104 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[125] † Spathorhynchus fossorium Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 170 | 150 | 150 | 0 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[126] Rhineura floridana Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 7 | 235 | 235 | 0 | 107 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[127] Bipes biporus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 4 | 267 | 267 | 0 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[128] Blanus cinereus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 14 | 232 | 232 | 0 | 103 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[129] Dibamus novaeguineae Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 10 | 235 | 234 | 0 | 105 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[130] † Becklesius cataphractus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 251 | 94 | 94 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[131] † Neokotus sanfranciscanus Last Modified in 08/10/22 | 286 | 62 | 62 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 5840 | |
Project overview | 377 | |
Matrix views | 242 | Matrix landing page (223 views); Data matrix from Supplemental Data 1 (19 views); |
Documents list | 213 | |
Media views | 880 | Media search (741 views); M846613 (139 views); |
Bibliography | 188 | |
Views for media list | 308 | |
Specimen list | 477 | |
Taxon list | 3155 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 3 | |
Project downloads | 1 | |
Matrix downloads | 2 | Data matrix from Supplemental Data 1 (2 downloads); |