Project 4278: A. G. Kramarz, M. Bond, R. D. MacPhee. 2021. On the alleged perissodactyl affinities of the “condylarth” Escribania chubutensis and other endemic South American ungulate-like placentals. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (4):null.
Abstract
Evolutionary relationships of the endemic South American ungulates (SANUs), both to each other and to other major placental clades, have been robustly debated for more than a century. Morphological evidence has not provided unambiguous resolution of these controversies, although recent paleoproteomic and paleogenomic analyses have supplied unequivocal evidence that at least Litopterna and Notoungulata are most closely related to each other and then to crown Perissodactyla. A recent study based on morphological characters has gone much further, claiming that litopterns and South American condylarths are stem to, or even nested within, Perissodactyla, but are not otherwise related to any North American clades of archaic ungulates. This study also concluded that the alleged shared presence of perissodactyls in Paleogene South America and India, along with several other biological groups, is evidence of a fluid biotic interchange early in the Cenozoic. Our assessment of this study revealed various conceptual and methodological errors, including misinterpretation of homologies, scoring errors, and failure to include relevant taxa such as Notoungulata. Our corrected phylogenetic analysis, performed with essentially the same taxon/character sampling and searching options, recovered all litopterns and their relatives in a single monophyletic clade, separate from the one representing Perissodactyla s.s. Both clades are clearly derived from Laurasian ungulate ancestors. In addition to the absence of true perissodactyls in Paleogene South America, most of the biological groups postulated as shared by both continents are not found in Paleogene strata of India. In sum, there is no meaningful evidence supporting the alleged multiclade, multiterrain biotic interchange.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2021.1986716
Project DOI: 10.7934/P4278, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P4278
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 11568 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 214 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 553 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:214/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 4278
MorphoBank Project 4278
- Creation Date:
15 June 2022 - Publication Date:
15 June 2022 - Project views: 6201
- Matrix downloads: 6
Authors' Institutions
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia
- American Museum of Natural History
- Museo de La Plata
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
MorphoBank Curator Project Administrator | 78 | 3 | 3 | 214 | 0 | 0 | 11568 (11568, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M28801' (78 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Didelphis Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 32 | 183 | 182 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[2] † Asioryctes Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 52 | 163 | 162 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[3] † Eotitanops Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 32 | 184 | 182 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[4] † Palaeosyops Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 11 | 204 | 203 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[5] † Orohippus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 15 | 200 | 199 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[6] † Epihippus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 67 | 148 | 147 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[7] † Mesohippus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 4 | 210 | 210 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[8] † Eohippus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 12 | 203 | 202 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[9] † Protorohippus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 14 | 200 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[10] † Xenicohippus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 21 | 196 | 193 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[11] † Sifrippus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 83 | 139 | 131 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[12] † Pliolophus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 79 | 135 | 135 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[13] † Hyracotherium Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 105 | 109 | 109 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[14] † Palaeotherium Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 4 | 212 | 210 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[15] † Plagiolophus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 14 | 201 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[16] † Leptolophus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 89 | 125 | 125 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[17] † Hallensia Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 46 | 168 | 168 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[18] † Propachynolophus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 107 | 110 | 107 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[19] † Propalaeotherium Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 20 | 197 | 194 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[20] † Lambdotherium Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 35 | 180 | 179 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[21] † Homogalax Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 18 | 198 | 196 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[22] † Cardiolophus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 55 | 162 | 159 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[23] † Eomoropus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 31 | 183 | 183 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[24] † Litolophus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 42 | 172 | 172 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[25] † Moropus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 11 | 203 | 203 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[26] † Lophiodon Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 14 | 200 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[27] † Isectolophus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 61 | 154 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[28] † Heptodon Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 12 | 203 | 202 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[29] † Helaletes Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 7 | 207 | 207 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[30] † Lophialetes Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 23 | 191 | 191 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[31] † Schlosseria Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 62 | 152 | 152 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[32] † Deperetella Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 60 | 155 | 154 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[33] † Teleolophus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 116 | 100 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[34] † Hyrachyus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 9 | 206 | 205 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[35] † Phenacodus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 5 | 211 | 209 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[36] † Ectocion Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 65 | 150 | 149 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[37] † Tetraclaenodon Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 41 | 178 | 173 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[38] † Meniscotherium Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 8 | 212 | 206 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[39] † Cambaytherium Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 36 | 184 | 178 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[40] † Nakusia Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 174 | 40 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[41] † Anthracobune Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 106 | 110 | 108 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[42] † Pilgrimella Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 117 | 97 | 97 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[43] † Radinskya Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 135 | 79 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[44] † Phenacolophus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 118 | 96 | 96 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[45] † Eritherium Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 111 | 103 | 103 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[46] † Phosphatherium Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 83 | 131 | 131 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[47] † Moeritherium Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 51 | 163 | 163 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[48] † Numidotherium Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 48 | 166 | 166 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[49] † Dimaitherium Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 67 | 149 | 147 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[50] † Microhyrax Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 118 | 96 | 96 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[51] † Saghatherium Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 50 | 164 | 164 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[52] † Diacodexis Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 21 | 197 | 193 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[53] † Tiuclaenus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 117 | 97 | 97 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[54] † Molinodus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 126 | 88 | 88 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[55] † Simoclaenus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 129 | 86 | 85 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[56] † Pucanodus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 119 | 95 | 95 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[57] † Theosodon Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 17 | 198 | 197 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[58] † Asmithwoodwardia Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 117 | 99 | 97 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[59] † Didolodus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 102 | 114 | 112 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[60] † Cramauchenia Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 86 | 128 | 128 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[61] † Protolipterna Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 85 | 132 | 129 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[62] † Thoatherium Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 41 | 173 | 173 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[63] † Adiantoides Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 107 | 107 | 107 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[64] † Depaulacoutia Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 94 | 121 | 120 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[65] † Lamegoia Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 100 | 115 | 114 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[66] † Victorlemoinea Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 115 | 99 | 99 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[67] † Miguelsoria Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 112 | 102 | 102 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[68] † Tetramerorhinus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 15 | 200 | 199 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[69] † Diadiaphorus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 13 | 201 | 201 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[70] † Escribania Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 153 | 63 | 61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[71] † Mioclaenus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 129 | 86 | 85 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[72] † Promioclaenus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 121 | 94 | 93 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[73] † Protoselene Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 130 | 84 | 84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[74] † Litaletes Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 119 | 96 | 95 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[75] † Ellipsodon Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 115 | 99 | 99 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[76] † Choeroclaenus Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 139 | 75 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[77] † Orthaspidotherium Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 57 | 158 | 157 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[78] † Pleuraspidotherium Last Modified in 06/15/22 | 36 | 179 | 178 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 6201 | |
Media views | 1331 | Media search (864 views); M844908 (152 views); M844906 (160 views); M844907 (155 views); |
Project overview | 384 | |
Matrix views | 287 | Matrix landing page (264 views); Matrix (23 views); |
Specimen list | 1003 | |
Taxon list | 2459 | |
Views for media list | 550 | |
Bibliography | 183 | |
Documents list | 4 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 7 | |
Matrix downloads | 6 | Matrix (6 downloads); |
Project downloads | 1 |