Project 4317: J. Blokland, C. Reid, T. Worthy, A. Tennyson, J. Clarke, R. Scofield. 2019. Chatham Island Paleocene fossils provide insight into the palaeobiology, evolution, and diversity of early penguins (Aves, Sphenisciformes). Palaeontologia electronica. 22 (3):none.
Abstract
Numerous skeletal remains recovered in situ from the late early to middle Paleocene Takatika Grit of Chatham Island, New Zealand, are among the oldest known fossils attributed to the penguin clade (Aves, Sphenisciformes). They represent a new medium-sized taxon, for which we erect a new genus and species, and a second, notably larger form. These new penguins are analysed in a parsimony and Bayesian framework using an updated and revised phylogenetic matrix, based on morphological and molecular characters, and interpreted as among the most basal of known sphenisciforms, closely related to Waimanu. While sharing numerous characteristics with the earliest wing-propelled divers, the novel taxon records the oldest occurrence of the characteristic penguin tarsometatarsus morphology. These ancient Chatham Island representatives add to a growing number and increased morphological diversity of Paleocene penguins in the New Zealand region, suggesting an origin for the group there. With their addition to other Paleocene penguins, these taxa reveal that sphenisciforms rapidly diversified as non-volant piscivores in the southern oceans following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. They also provide further evidence for the hypothesis that their origin predates the Paleocene. This implies that stem Sphenisciformes and their sister group, the Procellariiformes, both originated in, and so may be expected to occur in, the Late Cretaceous.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.26879/1009
Project DOI: 10.7934/P4317, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P4317
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 13775 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 284 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 725 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:195/89 |
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MorphoBank Project 4317
MorphoBank Project 4317
- Creation Date:
13 July 2022 - Publication Date:
05 December 2022 - Project views: 4879
- Matrix downloads: 1
Authors' Institutions
- Canterbury Museum, Christchurch
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington
- Flinders University
- University Of Canterbury
- University of Texas at Austin
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
Katherine Walton Project Administrator | 98 | 1 | 1 | 284 | 0 | 0 | 13775 (12147, 0, 1628) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
MorphoBank Curator Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Brooke Long-Fox Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M28996' (98 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Phaethon rubricauda Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 98 | 173 | 168 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[2] Gavia immer Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 23 | 208 | 207 | 0 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[3] Gavia stellata Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 53 | 186 | 185 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[4] Daption capense Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 42 | 196 | 196 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[5] Diomedea exulans Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 30 | 200 | 200 | 0 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[6] Macronectes giganteus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 42 | 197 | 194 | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[7] Oceanites oceanicus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 44 | 192 | 192 | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[8] Hydrobates leucorhous Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 31 | 205 | 205 | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[9] Hydrobates tethys Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 212 | 61 | 61 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[10] Pachyptila desolata Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 42 | 197 | 196 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[11] Pelecanoides urinatrix Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 17 | 211 | 211 | 0 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[12] Phoebastria immutabilis Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 51 | 187 | 187 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[13] Phoebetria palpebrata Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 48 | 189 | 189 | 0 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[14] Procellaria cinerea Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 120 | 154 | 154 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[15] Aphrodroma brevirostris Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 97 | 177 | 177 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[16] Ardenna gravis Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 34 | 205 | 204 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[17] Ardenna grisea Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 200 | 70 | 70 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[18] Thalassarche melanophris Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 49 | 189 | 188 | 0 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[19] Aptenodytes forsteri Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 8 | 271 | 270 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[20] Aptenodytes patagonicus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 0 | 280 | 278 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[21] Pygoscelis antarcticus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 14 | 270 | 265 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[22] Pygoscelis papua Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 3 | 290 | 276 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[23] Pygoscelis adeliae Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 7 | 275 | 272 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[24] † Pygoscelis grandis Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 168 | 85 | 81 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[25] Megadyptes antipodes Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 2 | 282 | 277 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[26] Eudyptes chrysocome Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 25 | 268 | 257 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[27] Eudyptes chrysolophus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 6 | 278 | 277 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[28] Eudyptes filholi Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 47 | 235 | 235 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[29] Eudyptes moseleyi Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 33 | 251 | 249 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[30] Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 17 | 269 | 265 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[31] Eudyptes robustus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 35 | 250 | 247 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[32] Eudyptes schlegeli Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 46 | 237 | 236 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[33] Eudyptes sclateri Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 34 | 250 | 249 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[34] † Eudyptes calauina Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 205 | 80 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[35] Eudyptula minor Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 1 | 285 | 279 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[36] Spheniscus demersus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 13 | 269 | 267 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[37] Spheniscus magellanicus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 14 | 269 | 266 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[38] Spheniscus humboldti Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 3 | 287 | 277 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[39] Spheniscus mendiculus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 46 | 233 | 233 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[40] † Spheniscus urbinai Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 173 | 114 | 111 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[41] † Spheniscus megaramphus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 212 | 64 | 64 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[42] † Spheniscus muizoni Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 88 | 74 | 72 | 0 | 124 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[43] † Madrynornis mirandus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 101 | 153 | 152 | 0 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[44] † Inguza predemersus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 194 | 94 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[45] † Nucleornis insolitus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 255 | 31 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[46] † Marplesornis novaezealandiae Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 193 | 70 | 69 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[47] † Palaeospheniscus biloculata Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 46 | 94 | 92 | 0 | 146 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[48] † Palaeospheniscus bergi Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 179 | 96 | 91 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[49] † Palaeospheniscus patagonicus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 156 | 110 | 105 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[50] † Eretiscus tonnii Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 199 | 70 | 68 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[51] † Pseudaptenodytes macraei Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 249 | 37 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[52] † NMV p221273 Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 244 | 41 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[53] † Platydyptes novaezealandiae Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 198 | 71 | 70 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[54] † Platydyptes marplesi Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 185 | 89 | 88 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[55] † Platydyptes amiesi Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 241 | 43 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[56] † Arthrodytes andrewsi Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 241 | 43 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[57] † Paraptenodytes antarcticus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 162 | 111 | 108 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[58] † Paraptenodytes robustus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 249 | 35 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[59] † Paraptenodytes brodkorbi Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 249 | 36 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[60] † Duntroonornis parvus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 240 | 30 | 30 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[61] † Korora oliveri Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 249 | 36 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[62] † Hakataramea penguin Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 243 | 41 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[63] † Anthropodyptes gilli Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 254 | 32 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[64] † SAM p10863 Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 257 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[65] † Archaeospheniscus lopdellorum Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 211 | 57 | 56 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[66] † Archaeospheniscus lowei Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 217 | 56 | 56 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[67] † Pachydyptes ponderosus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 201 | 53 | 51 | 0 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[68] † Pachydyptes simponsi Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 264 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[69] † Perudyptes devriesi Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 181 | 77 | 75 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[70] † Icadyptes salasi Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 174 | 94 | 92 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[71] † Inkayacu paracasensis Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 142 | 145 | 142 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[72] † Kairuku waitaki Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 181 | 92 | 91 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[73] † Kairuku grebneffi Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 165 | 119 | 116 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[74] † SAM p7158 cf. Palaeeudyptes Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 250 | 36 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[75] † Burnside palaeeudyptes Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 212 | 52 | 52 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[76] † Palaeeudyptes antarcticus Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 242 | 32 | 32 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[77] † Palaeeudyptes marplesi Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 253 | 31 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[78] † Palaeeudyptes klekowskii Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 167 | 100 | 96 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[79] † Palaeeudyptes gunnari Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 173 | 96 | 86 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[80] † Anthropornis sp. UCMP 321023 Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 263 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[81] † Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 180 | 92 | 89 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[82] † Anthropornis grandis Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 203 | 63 | 61 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[83] † Notodyptes wimani Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 233 | 53 | 49 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[84] † Delphinornis gracilis Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 230 | 37 | 34 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[85] † Delphinornis arctowskii Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 226 | 38 | 38 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[86] † Delphinornis larseni Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 193 | 77 | 73 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[87] † Mesetaornis polaris Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 230 | 33 | 33 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[88] † Marambiornis exilis Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 227 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[89] † Kaiika maxwelli Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 250 | 35 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[90] † Crossvallia unienwillia Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 253 | 31 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[91] † Crossvallia waiparensis Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 224 | 63 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[92] † Kumimanu biceae Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 256 | 28 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[93] † Kupoupou stilwelli Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 181 | 103 | 98 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[94] † Large chatham Island form Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 235 | 52 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[95] † Sequiwaimanu rosieae Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 192 | 93 | 92 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[96] † Waipara giant penguin CM 2016.158.1 Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 257 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[97] † Muriwaimanu tuatahi Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 157 | 118 | 116 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[98] † Waimanu manneringi Last Modified in 09/28/22 | 209 | 48 | 48 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 4879 | |
Project overview | 352 | |
Matrix views | 237 | Matrix landing page (221 views); 1009 chatham matrix paup (16 views); |
Bibliography | 161 | |
Media views | 772 | Media search (650 views); M846915 (122 views); |
Views for media list | 462 | |
Specimen list | 421 | |
Taxon list | 2285 | |
Documents list | 189 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 4 | |
Project downloads | 3 | |
Matrix downloads | 1 | 1009 chatham matrix paup (1 download); |