Project 4318: J. R. Thompson, L. J. Cotton, Y. Candela, M. Kutscher, M. Reich, D. J. Bottjer. 2021. The Ordovician diversification of sea urchins: systematics of the Bothriocidaroida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 19 (20):1395-1448.
Abstract
The echinoids of the order Bothriocidaroida represent the initial burst of sea urchin diversification. They were the first echinoids to achieve widespread biogeographical dispersal and achieved high levels of species richness compared to other clades of stem group echinoids. Following long-standing controversy regarding their phylogenetic affinities within the phylum Echinodermata, bothriocidaroids are now regarded as echinoids. The species- and genus-level phylogenetic relationships of the bothriocidaroids, are, however, less clearly known. We herein compile a database of bothriocidaroid occurrences, undertake detailed phylogenetic analyses of all named species within the Bothriocidaroida, and provide updated diagnoses for all species. Our phylogenetic analysis includes species belonging to three genera: Bothriocidaris, Unibothriocidaris and Neobothriocidaris. Furthermore, we describe a new species, Neobothriocidaris pentlandensis sp. nov., from the Silurian of Scotland and Sweden, using micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. This species has implications for understanding the diversity dynamics of bothriocidaroids before and after the Late Ordovician mass extinction and the palaeobiogeographical distribution of bothriocidaroids in the Silurian. Using Bayesian and parsimony-based phylogenetics, we demonstrate that Neobothriocidaris is a distinct clade, and depending upon the analytical technique, Unibothrioidaris and Bothriocidaris are also resolved as monophyletic. Unibothriocidaris appears to have become extinct in the Sandbian, while Neobothriocidaris and Bothriocidaris survived the Late Ordovician extinction events and lasted at least until the Ludlow. Furthermore, we performed statistical time-calibration of our phylogenetic trees and show that bothriocidaroids originated in the Dapingian or Darriwilian, diversifying in the Darriwilian to Sandbian and reaching peak diversity in the Sandbian and Katian. This Sandbian and Katian peak is similar to that observed in other echinoderm clades, as well as other animal groups during the Ordovician radiation, and may be linked to heightened sea level and expansive tropical shelves present in the Upper Ordovician, and to new inhabitable environments linked with Ordovician oxygenation.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2022.2042408
Project DOI: 10.7934/P4318, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P4318
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 322 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 27 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 64 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:27/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 4318
MorphoBank Project 4318
- Creation Date:
13 July 2022 - Publication Date:
25 August 2022 - Project views: 3456
- Matrix downloads: 3
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- Staatliches Naturhistorisches Museum, Braunschweig
- Natural History Museum, London
- National Museums of Scotland, Royal Museum, Edinburgh
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen
- University College London
- University of Southern California
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center
- GeoBio-Center
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
Brooke Long-Fox Project Administrator | 15 | 1 | 1 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 322 (322, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M28914' (15 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] † Bothriocidaris pahleni Last Modified in 08/20/22 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[2] † Bothriocidaris parvus Last Modified in 08/20/22 | 7 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[3] † Bothriocidaris eichwaldi Last Modified in 08/20/22 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[4] † Bothriocidaris globulus Last Modified in 08/20/22 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[5] † Bothriocidaris solemi Last Modified in 08/20/22 | 4 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[6] † Bothriocidaris maquoketensis Last Modified in 08/20/22 | 6 | 21 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[7] † Bothriocidaris vulcani Last Modified in 08/20/22 | 4 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[8] † Bothriocidaris kolatai Last Modified in 08/20/22 | 5 | 22 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[9] † Unibothriocidaris bromidensis Last Modified in 08/20/22 | 9 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[10] † Unibothriocidaris kieri Last Modified in 08/20/22 | 9 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[11] † Neobothriocidaris peculiaris Last Modified in 08/20/22 | 8 | 19 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[12] † Neobothriocidaris minor Last Modified in 08/20/22 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[13] † Neobothriocidaris templetoni Last Modified in 08/20/22 | 7 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[14] † Bromidechinus rimaporus Last Modified in 08/20/22 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[15] † Neobothriocidaris pentlandensis Last Modified in 08/20/22 | 9 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 3456 | |
Documents list | 270 | |
Project overview | 359 | |
Media views | 935 | Media search (794 views); M846717 (141 views); |
Matrix views | 227 | Matrix landing page (211 views); Matrix from Thompson et al. 2021 (16 views); |
Views for media list | 312 | |
Specimen list | 489 | |
Taxon list | 690 | |
Bibliography | 174 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 4 | |
Matrix downloads | 3 | Matrix from Thompson et al. 2021 (3 downloads); |
Project downloads | 1 |