Project 48: M. Spaulding, M. A. O'Leary, J. Gatesy. 2009. Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution. PLOS ONE. 9 (4):1-14.
Abstract
**Curated images associated with MorphoBank Project 321 and collected as part of the Spaulding et al. paper, with many images associated to characters and cells. NOTE - matrix may not match that of project 321 exactly, but is a near final version. See Project 321 for final total evidence matrix***AbstractBackground: Integration of diverse data (molecules, fossils) provides the most robust test of the phylogeny of cetaceans. Positioning key fossils is critical for reconstructing the character change from life on land to life in the water. Methodology/Principal Findings: We reexamine relationships of critical extinct taxa that impact our understanding of the origin of Cetacea. We do this in the context of the largest total evidence analysis of morphological and molecular information for Artiodactyla (661 phenotypic characters and 46,587 molecular characters, coded for 33 extant and 48 extinct taxa). We score morphological data for Carnivoramorpha, (Creodonta, Lipotyphla, and the (raoellid artiodactylan (Indohyus and concentrate on determining which fossils are positioned along stem lineages to major artiodactylan crown clades. Shortest trees place Cetacea within Artiodactyla and close to (Indohyus, with (Mesonychia outside of Artiodactyla. The relationships of (Mesonychia and (Indohyus are highly unstable, however - in trees only two steps longer than minimum length, (Mesonychia falls inside Artiodactyla and displaces (Indohyus from a position close to Cetacea. Trees based only on data that fossilize continue to show the classic arrangement of relationships within Artiodactyla with Cetacea grouping outside the clade, a signal incongruent with the molecular data that dominate the total evidence result.Conclusions/Significance: Integration of new fossil material of (Indohyus impacts placement of another extinct clade (Mesonychia, pushing it much farther down the tree. The phylogenetic position of (Indohyus suggests that the cetacean stem lineage included herbivorous and carnivorous aquatic species. We also conclude that extinct members of Cetancodonta (whales + hippopotamids) shared a derived ability to hear underwater sounds, even though several
cetancodontans lack a pachyostotic auditory bulla. We revise the taxonomy of living and extinct artiodactylans and propose explicit node and stem-based definitions for the ingroup.
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Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007062
Project DOI: 10.7934/P48, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P48
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 38135 Total media associated with cells: 7141 Total labels associated with cell media: 2160 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 690 Total characters with associated media: 1 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 1515 Total character states with associated media: 23 Total character states with media with labels:22 Total unordered/ordered characters:690/0 |
Currently Viewing:
MorphoBank Project 48
MorphoBank Project 48
- Creation Date:
01 June 2006 - Publication Date:
01 January 2007 - Date of Last Publication of Partition:
- Media downloads: 214
- Matrix downloads: 148
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- University of California Riverside
- American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
- Stony Brook University
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | media notes | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||||||
Maureen O'Leary Project Administrator | 123 | 543 | 642 | 62 | 690 | 550 | 12 | 18 | 32283 (27379, 375, 4529) | 168 | 1642 | 1162 | 1 | ||||||
MorphoBank Curator | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Seth Kaufman | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 (5, 0, 11) | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | ||||||
Maeva Orliac Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Maria Passarotti | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Michelle Spaulding Character annotater | 10 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 5260 (4618, 347, 295) | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M188' (80 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Orycteropus afer Taxon name last Modified on 01/29/14 | 93 | 492 | 51 | 0 | 106 | 143 | 22 | 4 |
[2] Bos taurus Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 45 | 604 | 48 | 0 | 43 | 442 | 357 | 3 |
[3] Ovis aries Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 56 | 591 | 48 | 0 | 45 | 505 | 163 | 3 |
[4] Odocoileus virginianus Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 61 | 578 | 69 | 0 | 51 | 297 | 75 | 3 |
[5] Cervus elaphus Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 70 | 571 | 85 | 0 | 49 | 200 | 18 | 3 |
[6] Giraffa camelopardalis Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 47 | 600 | 49 | 0 | 46 | 223 | 102 | 3 |
[7] Antilocapra americana Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 92 | 553 | 34 | 0 | 45 | 173 | 16 | 3 |
[8] Moschus moschiferus Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 86 | 548 | 50 | 0 | 59 | 242 | 128 | 3 |
[9] Tragulus Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 76 | 568 | 51 | 0 | 48 | 143 | 14 | 3 |
[10] Tursiops truncatus Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 68 | 372 | 47 | 0 | 250 | 130 | 51 | 4 |
[11] Monodon monoceros Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 187 | 341 | 29 | 0 | 163 | 315 | 34 | 4 |
[12] Inia geoffrensis Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 184 | 340 | 46 | 0 | 167 | 24 | 7 | 4 |
[13] Pontoporia blainvillei Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 129 | 311 | 40 | 0 | 251 | 49 | 2 | 3 |
[14] Kogia breviceps Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 177 | 335 | 52 | 0 | 178 | 49 | 7 | 4 |
[15] Ziphius cavirostris Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 168 | 358 | 56 | 0 | 166 | 62 | 5 | 4 |
[16] Balaenoptera acutorostrata Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 174 | 335 | 86 | 0 | 182 | 34 | 6 | 4 |
[17] Hippopotamus amphibius Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 48 | 582 | 58 | 0 | 63 | 190 | 111 | 3 |
[18] Choeropsis liberiensis Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 61 | 563 | 86 | 2 | 66 | 146 | 14 | 3 |
[19] Sus scrofa Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 52 | 579 | 92 | 2 | 60 | 195 | 92 | 3 |
[20] Babyrousa babyrussa Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 87 | 532 | 71 | 0 | 72 | 127 | 10 | 3 |
[21] Potamochoerus porcus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 84 | 529 | 43 | 0 | 79 | 546 | 112 | 3 |
[22] Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 96 | 522 | 63 | 0 | 76 | 138 | 12 | 3 |
[23] Tayassu tajacu Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 74 | 543 | 77 | 1 | 73 | 242 | 102 | 3 |
[24] Camelus dromedarius Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 54 | 573 | 82 | 0 | 64 | 118 | 14 | 3 |
[25] Lama glama Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 134 | 507 | 36 | 3 | 46 | 258 | 8 | 3 |
[26] Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 178 | 437 | 38 | 1 | 74 | 95 | 7 | 4 |
[27] Tapirus terrestris Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 81 | 539 | 66 | 0 | 71 | 120 | 9 | 4 |
[28] Equus caballus Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 37 | 595 | 66 | 0 | 58 | 177 | 25 | 4 |
[29] Ailurus fulgens Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 89 | 558 | 555 | 1 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[30] Canis latrans Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 81 | 576 | 567 | 0 | 33 | 5 | 1 | 4 |
[31] Nandinia binotata Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 96 | 546 | 542 | 1 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[32] Felis silvestris Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 56 | 502 | 445 | 1 | 131 | 60 | 21 | 4 |
[33] Erinaceus europaeus Taxon name last Modified on 05/14/15 | 92 | 565 | 564 | 1 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[34] † Hyopsodus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 199 | 443 | 34 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[35] † Hyracotherium Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 268 | 376 | 19 | 0 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[36] † Artiocetus clavis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 257 | 289 | 29 | 7 | 137 | 52 | 1 | 4 |
[37] † Rodhocetus balochistanensis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 549 | 87 | 8 | 9 | 45 | 18 | 0 | 4 |
[38] † Dorudon atrox Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 163 | 421 | 42 | 2 | 104 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
[39] † Basilosaurus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 270 | 367 | 30 | 1 | 52 | 14 | 4 | 4 |
[40] † Pachyaena ossifraga Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 432 | 248 | 217 | 8 | 2 | 31 | 0 | 4 |
[41] † Sinonyx jiashanensis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 177 | 422 | 52 | 3 | 89 | 88 | 6 | 4 |
[42] † Mesonyx obtusidens Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 205 | 399 | 43 | 2 | 84 | 82 | 12 | 4 |
[43] † Dissacus praenuntius Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 307 | 285 | 26 | 5 | 93 | 75 | 8 | 4 |
[44] † Dissacus zanabazari Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 268 | 383 | 26 | 5 | 37 | 24 | 2 | 4 |
[45] † Harpagolestes orientalis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 406 | 216 | 14 | 5 | 63 | 82 | 8 | 4 |
[46] † Harpagolestes uintensis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 338 | 274 | 13 | 14 | 64 | 15 | 5 | 4 |
[47] † Hapalodectes hetangensis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 353 | 289 | 19 | 11 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[48] † Helohyus plicodon Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 446 | 208 | 16 | 5 | 34 | 92 | 10 | 3 |
[49] † Ambulocetus natans Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 440 | 126 | 11 | 34 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[50] † Gobiohyus orientalis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 380 | 274 | 23 | 5 | 31 | 50 | 8 | 3 |
[51] † Leptomeryx Taxon name last Modified on 01/22/14 | 142 | 511 | 31 | 1 | 38 | 16 | 6 | 3 |
[52] † Poebrotherium Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 109 | 526 | 35 | 2 | 53 | 47 | 6 | 3 |
[53] † Agriochoerus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 122 | 517 | 22 | 4 | 51 | 56 | 12 | 3 |
[54] † Merycoidodon sp. Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 117 | 527 | 26 | 3 | 45 | 47 | 9 | 3 |
[55] † Diacodexis pakistanensis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 189 | 415 | 26 | 5 | 81 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[56] † Diacodexis sp. Taxon name last Modified on 05/13/15 | 395 | 258 | 17 | 1 | 38 | 36 | 2 | 3 |
[57] † Perchoerus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 220 | 424 | 17 | 5 | 44 | 15 | 11 | 3 |
[58] † Archaeotherium Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 124 | 520 | 18 | 2 | 46 | 48 | 11 | 3 |
[59] † Elomeryx Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 216 | 443 | 19 | 3 | 31 | 14 | 8 | 3 |
[60] † Microbunodon minimum Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 312 | 308 | 54 | 31 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[61] † Merycopotamus dissimilis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 338 | 287 | 21 | 41 | 25 | 6 | 4 | 3 |
[62] † Xenohyus venitor Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 551 | 116 | 1 | 12 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[63] † Anthracokeryx ulnifer Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 364 | 287 | 7 | 5 | 34 | 40 | 9 | 3 |
[64] † Libycosaurus petrocchii Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 554 | 114 | 5 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[65] † Bothriogenys Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 298 | 384 | 180 | 6 | 4 | 141 | 1 | 4 |
[66] † Siamotherium krabiense Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 567 | 100 | 2 | 20 | 3 | 33 | 30 | 4 |
[67] † Cainotherium Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 128 | 513 | 23 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
[68] † Phenacodus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 232 | 417 | 21 | 1 | 43 | 22 | 0 | 4 |
[69] † Protungulatum Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 500 | 147 | 17 | 32 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[70] † Brachyhyops wyomingensis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 468 | 176 | 2 | 7 | 39 | 51 | 9 | 3 |
[71] † Achaenodon uintensis Taxon name last Modified on 05/13/15 | 336 | 302 | 3 | 14 | 38 | 129 | 8 | 3 |
[72] † Andrewsarchus mongoliensis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 476 | 148 | 5 | 18 | 48 | 38 | 3 | 4 |
[73] † Eoconodon heilprinianus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 426 | 260 | 134 | 2 | 2 | 212 | 14 | 4 |
[74] † Protoceras celer Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 277 | 405 | 336 | 1 | 8 | 69 | 12 | 3 |
[75] † Indohyus indirae Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 453 | 203 | 103 | 24 | 11 | 49 | 12 | 3 |
[76] † Vulpavus profectus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 163 | 463 | 461 | 59 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[77] † Thinocyon Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 178 | 438 | 438 | 58 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[78] † Hyaenodon Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 128 | 500 | 499 | 57 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[79] † Patriofelis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 99 | 444 | 444 | 85 | 62 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
[80] † Proviverra Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 96 | 471 | 470 | 83 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 949 | |
Media downloads | 214 | M928 (1 download); M8590 (1 download); M23510 (2 downloads); M20413 (1 download); M20464 (2 downloads); M7355 (2 downloads); M20465 (1 download); M20466 (1 download); M8929 (1 download); M8494 (3 downloads); M23509 (1 download); M17130 (1 download); M8504 (2 downloads); M8505 (2 downloads); M8506 (1 download); M8507 (1 download); M8508 (1 download); M8509 (2 downloads); M8502 (1 download); M8503 (1 download); M6760 (1 download); M6759 (1 download); M8864 (1 download); M6766 (1 download); M7286 (1 download); M6922 (1 download); M7346 (2 downloads); M8365 (1 download); M8390 (1 download); M8399 (1 download); M8419 (2 downloads); M8420 (1 download); M9280 (2 downloads); M9278 (1 download); M9279 (1 download); M9282 (1 download); M9283 (1 download); M9284 (1 download); M9285 (1 download); M9286 (1 download); M17908 (1 download); M17912 (1 download); M17926 (1 download); M18292 (1 download); M18293 (1 download); M18294 (1 download); M18295 (1 download); M18296 (1 download); M18299 (1 download); M7390 (1 download); M809 (2 downloads); M884 (1 download); M8498 (2 downloads); M9198 (1 download); M958 (1 download); M778 (1 download); M8389 (3 downloads); M875 (1 download); M863 (2 downloads); M859 (2 downloads); M861 (2 downloads); M796 (2 downloads); M807 (5 downloads); M805 (3 downloads); M776 (2 downloads); M19726 (3 downloads); M23504 (2 downloads); M20368 (2 downloads); M804 (2 downloads); M6725 (2 downloads); M8393 (2 downloads); M986 (1 download); M6621 (1 download); M6770 (1 download); M6776 (1 download); M6730 (1 download); M17824 (1 download); M803 (2 downloads); M6625 (1 download); M17910 (1 download); M17919 (1 download); M17805 (1 download); M17826 (3 downloads); M17831 (2 downloads); M6624 (1 download); M6755 (1 download); M6626 (3 downloads); M23500 (1 download); M19311 (2 downloads); M811 (1 download); M874 (2 downloads); M880 (1 download); M847 (1 download); M18230 (1 download); M17809 (1 download); M17810 (1 download); M17814 (1 download); M17808 (1 download); M876 (1 download); M878 (1 download); M20547 (1 download); M890 (2 downloads); M20412 (2 downloads); M6763 (2 downloads); M794 (2 downloads); M868 (2 downloads); M976 (1 download); M6723 (1 download); M6762 (1 download); M17773 (1 download); M17772 (1 download); M17771 (1 download); M17770 (1 download); M14707 (1 download); M8886 (1 download); M8479 (1 download); M7320 (1 download); M7247 (1 download); M23475 (1 download); M19749 (2 downloads); M19448 (1 download); M6620 (1 download); M6758 (1 download); M17909 (1 download); M17918 (1 download); M18288 (1 download); M18289 (1 download); M20644 (1 download); M17136 (1 download); M7309 (2 downloads); M7322 (2 downloads); M8478 (2 downloads); M23481 (1 download); M19454 (1 download); M17921 (1 download); M8888 (1 download); M8887 (1 download); M8866 (1 download); M6756 (1 download); M789 (1 download); M930 (1 download); M951 (1 download); M856 (1 download); M963 (1 download); M866 (1 download); M792 (1 download); M867 (1 download); M956 (1 download); M964 (1 download); M921 (1 download); M808 (1 download); M860 (1 download); M19748 (1 download); M919 (1 download); M20347 (1 download); M959 (1 download); M20505 (1 download); M791 (1 download); M8885 (1 download); M981 (1 download); M774 (1 download); M9055 (1 download); M7344 (1 download); M870 (1 download); |
Matrix downloads | 148 | Morphology matrix (148 downloads); |
Project downloads | 554 | |
Document downloads | 33 | All data - TNT formatted (14 downloads); twenty shortest trees of 57269 steps (7 downloads); twenty shortest trees of 57269 steps saved in MacClade (6 downloads); changes in dental matrix (1 download); Final SOG Nexus file with Genbank Numbers (8/25/09) (5 downloads); |