Project 529: M. Churchill, R. W. Boessenecker, M. T. Clementz. 2014. Colonization of the Southern Hemisphere by fur seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Otariidae) revealed by combined evidence phylogenetic and Bayesian biogeographical analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (1):200-225.
Specimen: Eumetopias jubatus (UWBM/32571)

Abstract

Fur seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Otariidae) evolved in the North Pacific and later dispersed throughout the Southern Hemisphere. However, the timing and number of dispersals into the Southern Hemisphere still remain poorly understood. To determine the biogeographical patterns of dispersal within fur seals and sea lions, we conducted cladistic analyses using combined evidence incorporating morphological and molecular data. The phylogeny produced in this study was then incorporated into Bayesian biogeographical analyses to reconstruct ancestral points of origin and dispersal patterns for otariid clades. Combined evidence analyses supported Callorhinus as the earliest diverging extant otariid, and a strongly supported northern sea lion clade (Zalophus, Eumetopias, and Proterozetes) as the sister group to a southern clade comprising the remainder of Otariidae. Fossil data constrained the timing and location of this dispersal as occurring between 6 and 7 Mya during a period of unusually cool sea surface temperatures and high productivity in the eastern equatorial Pacific, far older than suggested by prior studies. Our study indicates that the distribution of fur seals and sea lions is tightly linked to sea surface temperature and productivity, and suggests that otariids may be vulnerable to future anthropogenic climate change. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London


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Article DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12163

Project DOI: 10.7934/P529, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P529
This project containsMatrices
  • 2675 Media
  • 1 Matrix
  • 1 Document
  • 46 Taxa
  • 110 Specimens
  • 107 Characters
Total size of project's media files: 4.91G

Download Project SDD File
Total scored cells: 2309
Total media associated with cells: 1336
Total labels associated with cell media: 1124
Characters
Total characters: 107
Total characters with associated media: 0
Total characters with media with labels: 0
Total character states: 281
Total character states with associated media: 0
Total character states with media with labels:0
Total unordered/ordered characters:107/0
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MorphoBank Project 529

    This research
    supported by

    Authors' Institutions

    • University of California Berkeley

    • University of Otago

    • University of Wyoming



    Members

    member name taxa specimens media chars character
    media
    labels
    cell scorings
    (scored, NPA, "-")
    cell
    medialabels
    rules
    Morgan Churchill
    Project Administrator
    46104262197001951
    (1951, 0, 0)
    122410040
    Annalisa Berta
    Observer
    0000000
    (0, 0, 0)
    000
    Robert Boessenecker
    Full membership
    06541000358
    (358, 0, 0)
    1121200
    Mark Clementz
    Observer
    0000000
    (0, 0, 0)
    000
    MorphoBank Curator
    Full membership
    0000000
    (0, 0, 0)
    000


    Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M1203' (27 Taxa)

    taxon unscored
    cells
    scored
    cells
    no cell
    support
    NPA
    cells
    "-" cellscell images labels on
    cell images
    member
    access
    [1] † Enaliarctos emlongi
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    2187270059585
    [2] † Pteronarctos goedertae
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    2681230058545
    [3] Arctocephalus pusillus
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    0107390071555
    [4] Arctophoca gazella
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    0107390070545
    [5] Arctophoca tropicalis
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    0107390072545
    [6] Arctophoca philippii
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    1106390067495
    [7] Arctophoca australis
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    0107390072595
    [8] Arctophoca galapagoensis
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    0107400069515
    [9] Callorhinus ursinus
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    1106430067555
    [10] Zalophus californianus
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    2105390069575
    [11] Zalophus wollebaeki
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    1106440065555
    [12] † Zalophus japonicus
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    2105450063555
    [13] Eumetopias jubatus
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    2105390071555
    [14] Neophoca cinerea
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    3105380071575
    [15] Phocarctos hookeri
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    1107390072605
    [16] Otaria byronia
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    1106390072635
    [17] † Pithanotaria starri
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    57504100995
    [18] † Hydrarctos lomasiensis
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    33747400005
    [19] † Thalassoleon mexicanus
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    1592430049495
    [20] † Thalassoleon macnallyae
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    54535300005
    [21] † USNM 263570
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    79282800005
    [22] † Thalassoleon inouei
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    8423100013135
    [23] † Proterozetes ulysses
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    3374220052525
    [24] † Callorhinus gilmorei
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    63443700885
    [25] † Neophoca palatina
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    62454500005
    [26] † Proneotherium repenningi
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    2879200062595
    [27] Odobenus rosmarus
    Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13
    1493380055435


    Project downloads

    type number of downloads Individual items downloaded (where applicable)
    Total downloads from project766
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    Matrix downloads70Otariidae (70 downloads);
    Document downloads19Combined Evidence analysis TnT file (19 downloads);
    Project downloads413