Project 530: R. W. Boessenecker, M. Churchill. 2013. A Reevaluation of the Morphology, Paleoecology, and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Enigmatic Walrus Pelagiarctos. PLOS ONE. 8 (1):e54311.
Abstract
BackgroundA number of aberrant walruses (Odobenidae) have been described from the Neogene of the North Pacific, including specialized suction-feeding and generalist fish-eating taxa. At least one of these fossil walruses has been hypothesized to have been a specialized predator of other marine mammals, the middle Miocene walrus Pelagiarctos thomasi from the Sharktooth Hill Bonebed of California (16.1–14.5 Ma).
Methodology/Principal Findings
A new specimen of Pelagiarctos from the middle Miocene “Topanga” Formation of southern California (17.5–15 Ma) allows a reassessment of the morphology and feeding ecology of this extinct walrus. The mandibles of this new specimen are robust with large canines, bulbous premolars with prominent paraconid, metaconid, hypoconid cusps, crenulated lingual cingula with small talonid basins, M2 present, double-rooted P3–M1, single-rooted P1 and M2, and a P2 with a bilobate root. Because this specimen lacks a fused mandibular symphysis like Pelagiarctos thomasi, it is instead referred to Pelagiarctos sp. This specimen is more informative than the fragmentary holotype of Pelagiarctos thomasi, permitting Pelagiarctos to be included within a phylogenetic analysis for the first time. Analysis of a matrix composed of 90 cranial, dental, mandibular and postcranial characters indicates that Pelagiarctos is an early diverging walrus and sister to the late Miocene walrus Imagotaria downsi. We reevaluate the evidence for a macropredatory lifestyle for Pelagiarctos, and we find no evidence of specialization towards a macrophagous diet, suggesting that Pelagiarctos was a generalist feeder with the ability to feed on large prey.
Conclusions/Significance
This new specimen of Pelagiarctos adds to the knowledge of this problematic taxon. The phylogenetic analysis conclusively demonstrates that Pelagiarctos is an early diverging walrus. Pelagiarctos does not show morphological specializations associated with macrophagy, and was likely a generalist predator, feeding on fish, invertebrates, and the occasional warm-blooded prey item.
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Project DOI: 10.7934/P530, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P530
| This project contains | Matrices |
|---|---|
Download Project SDD File  | Total scored cells: 2432 Total media associated with cells: 581 Total labels associated with cell media: 556 |
| Characters | |
| Total characters: 129 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 249 Total character states with associated media: 79 Total character states with media with labels:79 Total unordered/ordered characters:129/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 530
MorphoBank Project 530
- Creation Date:
12 June 2011 - Publication Date:
16 January 2013 - Project views: 146064
- Media downloads: 51
- Matrix downloads: 63
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- University of Otago
- University of Wyoming
Members
| member name | taxa |
specimens |
media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
| Morgan Churchill Project Administrator Last logged in 01/16/13 | 24 | 24 | 527 | 95 | 72 | 0 | 2026 (2026, 0, 0) | 223 | 200 | 0 | ||||
| Robert Boessenecker Full membership Last logged in 11/07/12 | 3 | 12 | 97 | 34 | 88 | 156 | 406 (406, 0, 0) | 358 | 356 | 0 | ||||
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M1174' (20 Taxa)
| taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
| [1] † Enaliarctos emlongi Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 39 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 24 | 2 |
| [2] † Pteronarctos goedertae Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 39 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 27 | 2 |
| [3] † Desmatophoca oregonensis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 39 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 31 | 2 |
| [4] † Allodesmus gracilis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 39 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 26 | 2 |
| [5] Monachus monachus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 39 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 33 | 2 |
| [6] Erignathus barbatus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 41 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 31 | 2 |
| [7] Callorhinus ursinus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 1 | 38 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 30 | 2 |
| [8] † Proneotherium repenningi Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 39 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 36 | 2 |
| [9] † Kamtschatarctos sinelnikovae Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 9 | 30 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 24 | 2 |
| [10] † Neotherium mirum Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 39 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 2 |
| [11] † Imagotaria downsi Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 44 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 56 | 2 |
| [12] † Pelagiarctos sp. Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 5 | 34 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 33 | 2 |
| [13] † Pontolis magnus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 1 | 38 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [14] † Gomphotaria pugnax Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 5 | 34 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 28 | 2 |
| [15] † Dusignathus santacruzensis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 39 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 37 | 2 |
| [16] † Dusignathus seftoni Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 7 | 33 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 25 | 2 |
| [17] † Protodobenus japonicus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 1 | 38 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 31 | 2 |
| [18] † Ontocetus emmonsi Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 1 | 38 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 37 | 2 |
| [19] † Valenictus chulavistensis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 19 | 20 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 13 | 2 |
| [20] Odobenus rosmarus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 2 | 37 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 28 | 2 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M1891' (23 Taxa)
| taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
| [1] † Enaliarctos emlongi Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 8 | 82 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [2] † Pteronarctos goedertae Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 8 | 82 | 81 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [3] Callorhinus ursinus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 1 | 89 | 89 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [4] † Desmatophoca oregonensis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 6 | 86 | 83 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [5] † Allodesmus gracilis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 92 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [6] Erignathus barbatus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 92 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [7] Monachus monachus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [8] † Prototaria primigenia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 47 | 43 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [9] † Proneotherium repenningi Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 8 | 82 | 81 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [10] † Neotherium mirum Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 1 | 89 | 87 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [11] † Kamtschatarctos sinelnikovae Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 49 | 41 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [12] † Pseudotaria muramotoi Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 54 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [13] † Imagotaria downsi Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 1 | 96 | 88 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [14] † Pelagiarctos sp. Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 56 | 34 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [15] † Pontolis magnus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 3 | 87 | 86 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [16] † Dusignathus santacruzensis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 35 | 55 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [17] † Dusignathus seftoni Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 16 | 76 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [18] † Gomphotaria pugnax Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 13 | 77 | 74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [19] Aivukus cedrosensis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 32 | 58 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [20] † Protodobenus japonicus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 26 | 64 | 61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [21] † Ontocetus emmonsi Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 2 | 88 | 87 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [22] † Valenictus chulavistensis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 22 | 68 | 68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [23] Odobenus rosmarus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 2 | 88 | 88 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Project views
| type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
| Total project views | 146064 | |
| Project overview | 4264 | |
| Matrix views | 2843 | Matrix landing page (2236 views); Kohno 2006 modified matrix (311 views); walrus mandible and lower dentition (296 views); |
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| Specimen list | 23839 | |
| Documents list | 1801 | |
| Taxon list | 12810 | |
| Bibliography | 3805 |
Project downloads
| type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
| Total downloads from project | 408 | |
| Matrix downloads | 63 | Kohno 2006 modified matrix (37 downloads); walrus mandible and lower dentition (26 downloads); |
| Project downloads | 287 | |
| Document downloads | 7 | (7 downloads); |
| Media downloads | 51 | M86722 (2 downloads); M93595 (1 download); M93594 (1 download); M93593 (1 download); M93592 (1 download); M93591 (2 downloads); M93590 (1 download); M93589 (2 downloads); M93580 (1 download); M86649 (1 download); M86671 (1 download); M86669 (1 download); M86674 (1 download); M86221 (1 download); M101349 (1 download); M101352 (1 download); M101358 (1 download); M101356 (1 download); M101374 (1 download); M101377 (1 download); M101385 (1 download); M101382 (1 download); M101390 (2 downloads); M101393 (1 download); M101411 (1 download); M106613 (1 download); M106618 (1 download); M106628 (1 download); M148289 (1 download); M148294 (1 download); M148309 (1 download); M148308 (1 download); M148321 (1 download); M148343 (1 download); M86642 (1 download); M86600 (1 download); M86643 (1 download); M86645 (1 download); M86598 (1 download); M86648 (1 download); M86651 (1 download); M86652 (1 download); M86653 (1 download); M86654 (1 download); M86655 (1 download); M86656 (1 download); M86657 (1 download); |