Project 776: F. G. Marx. 2013. The evolutionary relationships and disparity of baleen whales (Mysticeti). PhD Thesis, University of Otago (Dunedin, New Zealand). NA:1-190.
Abstract
The data contained within this project form part of a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Otago, New Zealand, in 2012An updated version of this matrix is contained in MorphoBank project 687, and was published as part of the following study:Marx FG, and Fordyce RE. 2015. Baleen boom and bust: a synthesis of mysticete phylogeny, diversity and disparity. Royal Society Open Science 2:140434.Thesis abstract:Baleen whales (mysticetes) form an essential part of modern ocean ecosystems, and show some of the most extreme adaptations evolved by any mammal. The evolutionary history of these animals has attracted much attention in recent years, but many disagreements and question marks remain. This study takes a fresh look at the phylogenetic relationships and diversity of mysticetes, with a special emphasis on the relationships of the enigmatic living pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata, and the evolution of morphological diversity (disparity) over the past 34 Ma. Detailed morphological comparisons making use of extensive collections housed at New Zealand institutions reveal the pygmy right whale to be the last survivor of the once diverse, and formerly thought extinct, family Cetotheriidae. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of 69 mysticetes species and 232 characters supports this result. The same analysis furthermore confirms the monophyly of the major extinct and extant mysticete families (Aetiocetidae, Balaenidae, Balaenopteridae, Cetotheriidae, Eschrichtiidae, Mammalodontidae), in addition to an expanded Eomysticetidae and a clade of toothed mysticetes comprising aetiocetids, mammalodontids, and an undescribed specimen from the early Oligocene of New Zealand. Unlike for most previous analyses, the present data matrix was assembled using the online morphology database MorphoBank, where every scoring was illustrated with around 3,800 annotated, high-quality photographs.Mysticete disparity is found to have increased quickly during the early history of the clade. Following a distinct peak during the Late Oligocene, disparity rapidly declines towards the Middle Miocene, before eventually starting to recover again during the Late Miocene and Pliocene. Disparity and taxonomic diversity are entirely decoupled. The disparity spike coincides with the co-occurrence of several small, relatively short-lived and very disparate taxa, hinting at the existence of an adaptive radiation leading to several distinct morphotypes early in mysticete evolutionary history. Using the phylogeny to reconstruct missing character scores in the data matrix has virtually no effect on the results, despite the matrix being less than 60% complete. By contrast, the inclusion of reconstructed hypothetical ancestors (internal branches) notably changes the morphospace distribution of the observed taxa. In a plot of the first two axis of a Principal Coordinate Analysis, roughly half of the ancestral taxa fall outside the range defined by the observed taxa, indicating that reconstructed values at internal nodes can combine to reveal novel information about unsampled ancestral morphologies.
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Project DOI: 10.7934/P776, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P776
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 16047 Total media associated with cells: 9780 Total labels associated with cell media: 10376 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 232 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 535 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:232/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 776
MorphoBank Project 776
- Creation Date:
23 August 2011 - Publication Date:
01 June 2018 - Media downloads: 117
- Matrix downloads: 16
Authors' Institutions
- University of Otago
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | media notes | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||||||
Felix Marx Project Administrator | 69 | 173 | 3397 | 74 | 232 | 207 | 0 | 0 | 16047 (9491, 5728, 828) | 0 | 0 | 10376 | 0 | ||||||
Ewan Fordyce Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M1769' (69 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] † Zygorhiza kochii Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 205 | 0 | 19 | 8 | 254 | 280 | 2 |
[2] Physeter catodon Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 0 | 190 | 3 | 11 | 31 | 205 | 215 | 2 |
[3] † Aetiocetus cotylalveus Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 143 | 0 | 88 | 1 | 174 | 193 | 2 |
[4] † Aetiocetus polydentatus Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 154 | 14 | 77 | 1 | 177 | 193 | 2 |
[5] † Aetiocetus weltoni Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 165 | 0 | 65 | 2 | 198 | 214 | 2 |
[6] † Aglaocetus moreni Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 123 | 0 | 97 | 12 | 138 | 142 | 2 |
[7] † Aglaocetus patulus Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 164 | 0 | 61 | 12 | 189 | 199 | 2 |
[8] † Archaebalaenoptera castriarquati Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 93 | 0 | 125 | 14 | 108 | 114 | 2 |
[9] † Balaena montalionis Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 63 | 0 | 150 | 19 | 77 | 79 | 2 |
[10] Balaena mysticetus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 0 | 203 | 0 | 4 | 25 | 210 | 218 | 2 |
[11] † Balaena ricei Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 87 | 0 | 126 | 19 | 106 | 113 | 2 |
[12] † Balaenella brachyrhynus Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 119 | 0 | 90 | 23 | 156 | 160 | 2 |
[13] Balaenoptera acutorostrata Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 0 | 214 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 219 | 238 | 2 |
[14] Balaenoptera bonaerensis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 0 | 211 | 0 | 5 | 16 | 237 | 253 | 2 |
[15] Balaenoptera borealis Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 0 | 212 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 211 | 232 | 2 |
[16] Balaenoptera musculus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 0 | 212 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 233 | 250 | 2 |
[17] Balaenoptera omurai Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 0 | 207 | 201 | 7 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[18] Balaenoptera physalus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 0 | 214 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 228 | 249 | 2 |
[19] † Balaenoptera ryani Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 76 | 70 | 155 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[20] † Balaenoptera siberi Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 139 | 0 | 77 | 17 | 162 | 169 | 2 |
[21] † Balaenula astensis Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 126 | 0 | 84 | 22 | 159 | 161 | 2 |
[22] Caperea marginata Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 0 | 201 | 0 | 6 | 27 | 280 | 298 | 2 |
[23] † Cephalotropis coronatus Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 124 | 123 | 96 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[24] † Cetotherium megalophysum Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 108 | 103 | 109 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[25] † Cetotherium rathkii Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 125 | 0 | 91 | 16 | 141 | 147 | 2 |
[26] † ChM PV4745 Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 123 | 123 | 105 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[27] † Chonecetus goedertorum Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 165 | 0 | 64 | 3 | 194 | 206 | 2 |
[28] † Chonecetus sookensis Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 62 | 0 | 168 | 2 | 69 | 76 | 2 |
[29] † Diorocetus chichibuensis Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 141 | 0 | 78 | 13 | 163 | 169 | 2 |
[30] † Diorocetus hiatus Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 186 | 0 | 33 | 13 | 222 | 235 | 2 |
[31] † Diunatans luctoretemergo Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 108 | 0 | 123 | 5 | 127 | 137 | 2 |
[32] † Eomysticetus whitmorei Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 153 | 0 | 65 | 14 | 182 | 190 | 2 |
[33] † Eschrichtioides gastaldii Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 131 | 0 | 86 | 15 | 148 | 154 | 2 |
[34] Eschrichtius robustus Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 0 | 218 | 0 | 1 | 17 | 263 | 281 | 2 |
[35] † Eubalaena belgica Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 61 | 0 | 163 | 8 | 73 | 76 | 2 |
[36] Eubalaena spp. Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 0 | 210 | 0 | 1 | 24 | 339 | 353 | 2 |
[37] † Gricetoides aurorae Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 68 | 0 | 160 | 4 | 82 | 89 | 2 |
[38] † Herpetocetus bramblei Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 84 | 0 | 135 | 13 | 100 | 112 | 2 |
[39] † Herpetocetus transatlanticus Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 128 | 4 | 135 | 144 | 2 |
[40] † Isanacetus laticephalus Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 170 | 0 | 48 | 16 | 191 | 205 | 2 |
[41] † Janjucetus hunderi Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 157 | 0 | 70 | 5 | 167 | 180 | 2 |
[42] † Joumocetus shimizui Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 112 | 0 | 106 | 14 | 127 | 133 | 2 |
[43] † Llanocetus denticrenatus Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 142 | 0 | 88 | 2 | 161 | 165 | 2 |
[44] † Mammalodon colliveri Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 152 | 0 | 74 | 6 | 174 | 192 | 2 |
[45] † Mauicetus parki Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 163 | 159 | 58 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[46] † Megaptera hubachi Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 151 | 0 | 66 | 15 | 180 | 189 | 2 |
[47] † Megaptera miocaena Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 130 | 0 | 81 | 21 | 161 | 175 | 2 |
[48] Megaptera novaeangliae Taxon name last Modified on 12/05/13 | 0 | 215 | 0 | 1 | 16 | 256 | 271 | 2 |
[49] † Metopocetus durinasus Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 67 | 0 | 161 | 4 | 78 | 88 | 2 |
[50] † Micromysticetus rothauseni Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 65 | 0 | 164 | 3 | 72 | 81 | 2 |
[51] † Morenocetus parvus Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 91 | 0 | 138 | 3 | 110 | 117 | 2 |
[52] † Nannocetus eremus Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 82 | 0 | 148 | 2 | 100 | 111 | 2 |
[53] † OU 22026 Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 38 | 0 | 194 | 0 | 46 | 43 | 2 |
[54] † OU 22044 Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 133 | 1 | 84 | 15 | 147 | 154 | 2 |
[55] † OU 22224 Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 91 | 89 | 139 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[56] † OU GS10897 Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 54 | 53 | 177 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[57] † Parabalaenoptera baulinensis Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 144 | 0 | 73 | 15 | 163 | 169 | 2 |
[58] † Parietobalaena palmeri Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 185 | 0 | 39 | 14 | 226 | 239 | 2 |
[59] † Parietobalaena sp. Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 128 | 0 | 91 | 13 | 151 | 162 | 2 |
[60] † Parietobalaena yamaokai Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 157 | 0 | 63 | 13 | 188 | 195 | 2 |
[61] † Pelocetus calvertensis Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 188 | 0 | 29 | 15 | 213 | 217 | 2 |
[62] † Peripolocetus vexillifer Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 51 | 50 | 177 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
[63] † Piscobalaena nana Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 203 | 0 | 14 | 16 | 247 | 259 | 2 |
[64] † Plesiobalaenoptera quarantellii Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 112 | 0 | 102 | 18 | 119 | 129 | 2 |
[65] † Tiphyocetus temblorensis Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 62 | 0 | 170 | 0 | 68 | 72 | 2 |
[66] † Titanocetus sammarinensis Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 115 | 0 | 106 | 11 | 124 | 130 | 2 |
[67] † Uranocetus gramensis Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 154 | 0 | 62 | 16 | 165 | 169 | 2 |
[68] † Yamatocetus canaliculatus Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 164 | 0 | 56 | 12 | 187 | 192 | 2 |
[69] † ZMT 67 Taxon name last Modified on 06/01/18 | 0 | 127 | 127 | 91 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 298 | |
Matrix downloads | 16 | Mysticetes mark II (16 downloads); |
Project downloads | 165 | |
Media downloads | 117 | M142327 (1 download); M142328 (1 download); M142329 (1 download); M142331 (1 download); M142332 (1 download); M142333 (1 download); M142334 (1 download); M142335 (1 download); M142339 (1 download); M142340 (1 download); M142349 (1 download); M142347 (1 download); M142350 (1 download); M142353 (1 download); M142354 (1 download); M142355 (1 download); M142356 (1 download); M142357 (1 download); M142358 (1 download); M142373 (1 download); M142374 (1 download); M142375 (1 download); M142376 (1 download); M142377 (1 download); M142378 (1 download); M142379 (1 download); M142380 (1 download); M142381 (1 download); M142382 (1 download); M142383 (1 download); M143311 (1 download); M143374 (1 download); M145340 (1 download); M145341 (1 download); M145342 (1 download); M145343 (1 download); M145344 (1 download); M145345 (1 download); M145346 (1 download); M145347 (1 download); M145348 (1 download); M145349 (1 download); M145350 (1 download); M145351 (1 download); M145353 (1 download); M145355 (1 download); M145354 (1 download); M145357 (2 downloads); M145358 (1 download); M145359 (1 download); M145360 (1 download); M145361 (1 download); M145363 (1 download); M145388 (1 download); M145364 (1 download); M145365 (1 download); M145366 (1 download); M145367 (1 download); M145368 (1 download); M145370 (1 download); M145371 (1 download); M145372 (1 download); M145373 (1 download); M145374 (1 download); M145375 (1 download); M145380 (1 download); M145381 (1 download); M145382 (1 download); M145383 (1 download); M145384 (1 download); M145385 (1 download); M145386 (1 download); M145387 (1 download); M145389 (1 download); M145391 (1 download); M145392 (1 download); M145393 (1 download); M145394 (1 download); M145395 (1 download); M145729 (1 download); M145404 (1 download); M145403 (1 download); M145402 (1 download); M145401 (1 download); M144750 (2 downloads); M144749 (2 downloads); M144639 (1 download); M144748 (1 download); M144645 (1 download); M144644 (1 download); M144640 (1 download); M144635 (1 download); M144636 (1 download); M144637 (1 download); M144638 (1 download); M144641 (1 download); M144642 (1 download); M144643 (1 download); M144646 (1 download); M144647 (1 download); M144648 (2 downloads); M144649 (1 download); M144650 (1 download); M144651 (1 download); M144652 (1 download); M144653 (2 downloads); M144654 (1 download); M144655 (1 download); M144656 (1 download); M144657 (1 download); M144658 (1 download); M144659 (1 download); |