Project 869: E. S. GAFFNEY, H. TONG, P. A. MEYLAN. 2006. EVOLUTION OF THE SIDE-NECKED TURTLES: THE FAMILIES BOTHREMYDIDAE, EURAXEMYDIDAE, AND ARARIPEMYDIDAE. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 300:1-698.
Specimen: † Azabbaremys (BMNH R:16370)
View: ventral

Abstract

Although pleurodires have been considered significantly less diverse than their sister group, the cryptodires, current discoveries show that pleurodires had a more complex and extensive evolutionary history than had been realized. Previously unknown radiations, particularly in the near-shore marine realm, are revealed by taxa with diverse cranial morphology, indicating many different feeding and sensory strategies. The pleurodire group that is changed the most by the new discoveries is its largest group, the hyperfamily Pelomedusoides. The hyperfamily Pelomedusoides now consists of the families Pelomedusidae, Podocnemididae, Bothremydidae, Araripemydidae, and Euraxemydidae, new family. The families Bothremydidae, Araripemydidae, and Euraxemydidae, new family, are documented with descriptions of skulls, lower jaws, and shells. The relationships of the family Podocnemididae to its sister taxa Hamadachelys and Brasilemys are recognized by placing them in the epifamily Podocnemidinura. The epifamily Podocnemidinura is the sister group to the family Bothremydidae, and together they form the superfamily Podocnemidoidea.

The family Araripemydidae consists of one taxon, Araripemys barretoi, from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil. Description of new cranial material suggests that it is the sister group to all other Pelomedusoides or the sister group to the Pelomedusidae, but these relationships are only weakly supported. There is strong support for a multichotomy of Araripemys, Pelomedusidae, and remaining Pelomedusoides. Araripemys is characterized by very thin triturating surfaces and by a shell that lacks mesoplastra and has the first costals reaching the shell margin.

The new family Euraxemydidae consists of two new genera: Euraxemys essweini, n. gen. et sp., from the Albian Santana Formation of Brazil, and Dirqadim schaefferi, n. gen. et sp., from the Cenomanian Kem Kem beds of Morocco. Members of the Euraxemydidae are united by the unique possession of a medial process of the quadrate partially covering the prootic and narrowly contacting a ventral process of the exoccipital, in contrast to all other pleurodires, which have either complete exposure or complete covering of the prootic ventrally. Furthermore, members have a ventral process of the exoccipital that is exposed at the lateral margin of the basioccipital in an elongate foot. The Euraxemydidae is hypothesized as the sister group to the superfamily Podocnemidoidea.

The family Bothremydidae and the epifamily Podocnemidinura (consisting of the family Podocnemididae, Hamadachelys, and Brasilemys) are united as the superfamily Podocnemidoidea based on the possession of a quadrate-basioccipital contact, the complete or nearly complete ventral covering of the prootic, and the extension of the pectoral scales onto the entoplastron.

The family Bothremydidae is a large and diverse group extending from the Albian to the Eocene in North and South America, Europe, Africa, and India. Its monophyly is supported by the presence of a wide exoccipital-quadrate contact, a eustachian tube separated from the incisura columellae auris usually by bone to form a bony canal for the stapes, absence of a fossa precolumellaris, a supraoccipital-quadrate contact (except in the tribe Taphrosphyini), and a posterior enlargement of the fossa orbitalis. Although there is a diversity of triturating surfaces within the family, primitively bothremydids have a posteriorly wide triturating surface with a significant palatine contribution in the upper jaw.



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Article DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)300[1:EOTSTT]2.0.CO;2

Project DOI: 10.7934/P869, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P869
This project containsMatrices
  • 1 Media
  • 1 Matrix
  • 1 Document
  • 47 Taxa
  • 1 Specimen
  • 175 Characters
Total size of project's media files: 89.13k

Download Project SDD File
Total scored cells: 5308
Total media associated with cells: 0
Total labels associated with cell media: 0
Characters
Total characters: 175
Total characters with associated media: 0
Total characters with media with labels: 0
Total character states: 421
Total character states with associated media: 0
Total character states with media with labels:0
Total unordered/ordered characters:175/0
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MorphoBank Project 869

    Authors' Institutions

    • Eckerd College

    • American Museum of Natural History



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    0110000
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    Maureen Admin
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    4700175005308
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    Eugene Gaffney
    Full membership
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    Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M1961' (47 Taxa)

    taxon unscored
    cells
    scored
    cells
    no cell
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    NPA
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    [1] Synapsida/Diapsida
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    3814013700003
    [2] † Proganochelys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    616916900003
    [3] † Australochelys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    127484800003
    [4] † Palaeochersis
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    106696900003
    [5] † Kayentachelys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    417117100003
    [6] Selmacryptodira
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    121917400003
    [7] Chelidae
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    120117400003
    [8] Pelomedusidae
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    019017500003
    [9] † Araripemys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    717016800003
    [10] † Euraxemys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    716816800003
    [11] † Dirqadim
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    7010510500003
    [12] Podocnemididae
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    019717500003
    [13] † Hamadachelys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    5911611600003
    [14] † Brasilemys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    6610910900003
    [15] † Cearachelys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    1216816300003
    [16] † Galianemys emringeri
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    6710910800003
    [17] † Galianemys whitei
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    6610910900003
    [18] † Kurmademys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    2115415400003
    [19] † Kinkonychelys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    90858100003
    [20] † Sankuchemys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    110656500003
    [21] † Foxemys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    1116616300003
    [22] † Polysternon
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    4812812700003
    [23] † Araiochelys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    4113413400003
    [24] † Zolhafah
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    92838300003
    [25] † Rosasia
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    5512012000003
    [26] † Bothremys cooki
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    114616100003
    [27] † Bothremys maghrebiana
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    5312812200003
    [28] † Bothremys kellyi
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    85909000003
    [29] † Bothremys arabicus
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    112636300003
    [30] † Chedighaii hutchisoni
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    7210310300003
    [31] † Chedighaii barberi
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    4413113100003
    [32] † Taphrosphys sulcatus
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    5112512400003
    [33] † Taphrosphys congolensis
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    6111411400003
    [34] † Taphrosphys ippolitoi
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    80959400003
    [35] † Azabbaremys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    6810710600003
    [36] † Acleistochelys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    76999900003
    [37] † Labrostochelys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    7410210100003
    [38] † Phosphatochelys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    7110510400003
    [39] † Ummulisani
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    6411411100003
    [40] † Rhothonemys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    111646400003
    [41] † Nigeremys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    99767600003
    [42] † Arenila
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    103727200003
    [43] † Proterochersis
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    141343400003
    [44] † Platychelys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    124535000003
    [45] † Notoemys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    120555400003
    [46] † Dortoka
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    131474400003
    [47] † Teneremys
    Last Modified in 12/05/13
    99777600003


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