Project 869: E. S. GAFFNEY, H. TONG, P. A. MEYLAN. 2006. EVOLUTION OF THE SIDE-NECKED TURTLES: THE FAMILIES BOTHREMYDIDAE, EURAXEMYDIDAE, AND ARARIPEMYDIDAE. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 300:1-698.
Abstract
Although pleurodires have been considered significantly less diverse than their sister group, the cryptodires, current discoveries show that pleurodires had a more complex and extensive evolutionary history than had been realized. Previously unknown radiations, particularly in the near-shore marine realm, are revealed by taxa with diverse cranial morphology, indicating many different feeding and sensory strategies. The pleurodire group that is changed the most by the new discoveries is its largest group, the hyperfamily Pelomedusoides. The hyperfamily Pelomedusoides now consists of the families Pelomedusidae, Podocnemididae, Bothremydidae, Araripemydidae, and Euraxemydidae, new family. The families Bothremydidae, Araripemydidae, and Euraxemydidae, new family, are documented with descriptions of skulls, lower jaws, and shells. The relationships of the family Podocnemididae to its sister taxa Hamadachelys and Brasilemys are recognized by placing them in the epifamily Podocnemidinura. The epifamily Podocnemidinura is the sister group to the family Bothremydidae, and together they form the superfamily Podocnemidoidea.The family Araripemydidae consists of one taxon, Araripemys barretoi, from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil. Description of new cranial material suggests that it is the sister group to all other Pelomedusoides or the sister group to the Pelomedusidae, but these relationships are only weakly supported. There is strong support for a multichotomy of Araripemys, Pelomedusidae, and remaining Pelomedusoides. Araripemys is characterized by very thin triturating surfaces and by a shell that lacks mesoplastra and has the first costals reaching the shell margin.The new family Euraxemydidae consists of two new genera: Euraxemys essweini, n. gen. et sp., from the Albian Santana Formation of Brazil, and Dirqadim schaefferi, n. gen. et sp., from the Cenomanian Kem Kem beds of Morocco. Members of the Euraxemydidae are united by the unique possession of a medial process of the quadrate partially covering the prootic and narrowly contacting a ventral process of the exoccipital, in contrast to all other pleurodires, which have either complete exposure or complete covering of the prootic ventrally. Furthermore, members have a ventral process of the exoccipital that is exposed at the lateral margin of the basioccipital in an elongate foot. The Euraxemydidae is hypothesized as the sister group to the superfamily Podocnemidoidea.The family Bothremydidae and the epifamily Podocnemidinura (consisting of the family Podocnemididae, Hamadachelys, and Brasilemys) are united as the superfamily Podocnemidoidea based on the possession of a quadrate-basioccipital contact, the complete or nearly complete ventral covering of the prootic, and the extension of the pectoral scales onto the entoplastron.The family Bothremydidae is a large and diverse group extending from the Albian to the Eocene in North and South America, Europe, Africa, and India. Its monophyly is supported by the presence of a wide exoccipital-quadrate contact, a eustachian tube separated from the incisura columellae auris usually by bone to form a bony canal for the stapes, absence of a fossa precolumellaris, a supraoccipital-quadrate contact (except in the tribe Taphrosphyini), and a posterior enlargement of the fossa orbitalis. Although there is a diversity of triturating surfaces within the family, primitively bothremydids have a posteriorly wide triturating surface with a significant palatine contribution in the upper jaw.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)300[1:EOTSTT]2.0.CO;2
Project DOI: 10.7934/P869, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P869
This project contains | Matrices |
---|---|
Download Project SDD File ![]() | Total scored cells: 5308 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 175 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 421 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:175/0 |
Currently Viewing:
MorphoBank Project 869
MorphoBank Project 869
- Creation Date:
28 January 2013 - Publication Date:
01 April 2013 - Project views: 46030
- Matrix downloads: 20
Authors' Institutions
- Eckerd College
- American Museum of Natural History
Members
member name | taxa ![]() |
specimens ![]() |
media ![]() | chars ![]() | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules ![]() | ||||||
MorphoBank Curator Project Administrator | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Maureen Admin Full membership ![]() | 47 | 0 | 0 | 175 | 0 | 0 | 5308 (5308, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Eugene Gaffney Full membership ![]() | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M1961' (47 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells ![]() |
no cell support ![]() |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] Synapsida/Diapsida Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 38 | 140 | 137 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[2] † Proganochelys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 6 | 169 | 169 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[3] † Australochelys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 127 | 48 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[4] † Palaeochersis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 106 | 69 | 69 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[5] † Kayentachelys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 4 | 171 | 171 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[6] Selmacryptodira Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 1 | 219 | 174 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[7] Chelidae Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 1 | 201 | 174 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[8] Pelomedusidae Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 190 | 175 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[9] † Araripemys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 7 | 170 | 168 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[10] † Euraxemys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 7 | 168 | 168 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[11] † Dirqadim Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 70 | 105 | 105 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[12] Podocnemididae Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 197 | 175 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[13] † Hamadachelys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 59 | 116 | 116 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[14] † Brasilemys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 66 | 109 | 109 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[15] † Cearachelys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 12 | 168 | 163 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[16] † Galianemys emringeri Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 67 | 109 | 108 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[17] † Galianemys whitei Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 66 | 109 | 109 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[18] † Kurmademys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 21 | 154 | 154 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[19] † Kinkonychelys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 90 | 85 | 81 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[20] † Sankuchemys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 110 | 65 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[21] † Foxemys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 11 | 166 | 163 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[22] † Polysternon Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 48 | 128 | 127 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[23] † Araiochelys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 41 | 134 | 134 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[24] † Zolhafah Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 92 | 83 | 83 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[25] † Rosasia Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 55 | 120 | 120 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[26] † Bothremys cooki Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 114 | 61 | 61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[27] † Bothremys maghrebiana Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 53 | 128 | 122 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[28] † Bothremys kellyi Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 85 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[29] † Bothremys arabicus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 112 | 63 | 63 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[30] † Chedighaii hutchisoni Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 72 | 103 | 103 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[31] † Chedighaii barberi Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 44 | 131 | 131 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[32] † Taphrosphys sulcatus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 51 | 125 | 124 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[33] † Taphrosphys congolensis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 61 | 114 | 114 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[34] † Taphrosphys ippolitoi Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 80 | 95 | 94 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[35] † Azabbaremys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 68 | 107 | 106 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[36] † Acleistochelys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 76 | 99 | 99 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[37] † Labrostochelys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 74 | 102 | 101 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[38] † Phosphatochelys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 71 | 105 | 104 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[39] † Ummulisani Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 64 | 114 | 111 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[40] † Rhothonemys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 111 | 64 | 64 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[41] † Nigeremys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 99 | 76 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[42] † Arenila Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 103 | 72 | 72 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[43] † Proterochersis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 141 | 34 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[44] † Platychelys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 124 | 53 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[45] † Notoemys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 120 | 55 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[46] † Dortoka Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 131 | 47 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
[47] † Teneremys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 99 | 77 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 ![]() |
Project views 
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 46030 | |
Matrix views | 3091 | Matrix landing page (2756 views); Matrix (335 views); |
Specimen list | 3298 | |
Media views | 7067 | Media search (6045 views); M193999 (1022 views); |
Project overview | 4084 | |
Bibliography | 2043 | |
Views for media list | 1839 | |
Taxon list | 22418 | |
Documents list | 2190 |
Project downloads 
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 395 | |
Project downloads | 375 | |
Matrix downloads | 20 | Matrix (20 downloads); |