Project 4871: D. T. Ksepka, D. J. Field, T. A. Heath, W. Pett, D. B. Thomas, S. Giovanardi, A. J. Tennyson. 2023. Largest-known fossil penguin provides insight into the early evolution of sphenisciform body size and flipper anatomy. Journal of Paleontology. 97 (2):434-453.
Abstract
Recent fossil discoveries from New Zealand have revealed a remarkably diverse assemblage of Paleocene stem group penguins. Here, we add to this growing record by describing nine new penguin specimens from the late Paleocene (upper Teurian local stage; 55.5–59.5 Ma) Moeraki Formation of the South Island, New Zealand. The largest specimen is assigned to a new species, Kumimanu fordycei n. sp., which may have been the largest penguin ever to have lived. Allometric regressions based on humerus length and humerus proximal width of extant penguins yield mean estimates of a live body mass in the range of 148.0 kg (95% CI: 132.5 kg–165.3 kg) and 159.7 kg (95% CI: 142.6 kg–178.8 kg), respectively, for Kumimanu fordycei. A second new species, Petradyptes stonehousei n. gen. n. sp., is represented by five specimens and was slightly larger than the extant emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri. Two small humeri represent an additional smaller unnamed penguin species. Parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses recover Kumimanu and Petradyptes crownward of the early Paleocene mainland NZ taxa Waimanu and Muriwaimanu, but stemward of the Chatham Island taxon Kupoupou. These analyses differ, however, in the placement of these two taxa relative to Sequiwaimanu, Crossvallia, and Kaiika. The massive size and placement of Kumimanu fordycei close to the root of the penguin tree provide additional support for a scenario in which penguins reached the upper limit of sphenisciform body size very early in their evolutionary history, while still retaining numerous plesiomorphic features of the flipper.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1017/jpa.2022.88
Project DOI: 10.7934/P4871, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P4871
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 9010 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 280 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 694 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:280/0 |
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MorphoBank Project 4871
MorphoBank Project 4871
- Creation Date:
05 September 2023 - Publication Date:
05 September 2023 - Project views: 4280
- Matrix downloads: 4
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington
- Iowa State University
- Massey University
- University of Cambridge
- Bruce Museum
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||
MorphoBank Curator Project Administrator | 70 | 15 | 16 | 280 | 0 | 0 | 9010 (8886, 0, 124) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M29474' (70 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] † Anthropornis grandis Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 237 | 41 | 41 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[2] † Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 216 | 62 | 62 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[3] Aptenodytes forsteri Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 8 | 274 | 272 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[4] Aptenodytes patagonicus Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 8 | 274 | 272 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[5] Aptenodytes ridgeni Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 247 | 29 | 29 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[6] † Archaeospheniscus lopdelli Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 242 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[7] † Archaeospheniscus lowei Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 230 | 49 | 49 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[8] † Burnside "palaeeudyptes" Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 223 | 55 | 55 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[9] † Crossvallia unienwillia Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 247 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[10] † Crossvallia waiparensis Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 245 | 29 | 29 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[11] † Delphinornis arctowskii Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 257 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[12] † Delphinornis gracilis Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 255 | 21 | 20 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[13] † Delphinornis larseni Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 253 | 24 | 23 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[14] † Eretiscus tonnii Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 239 | 40 | 40 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[15] † Eudyptes atatu Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 171 | 109 | 109 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[16] Eudyptes chrysocome Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 29 | 252 | 251 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[17] Eudyptes chrysolophus Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 3 | 278 | 277 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[18] Eudyptes filholi Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 27 | 253 | 253 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[19] Eudyptes moseleyi Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 24 | 257 | 256 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[20] Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 7 | 277 | 273 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[21] Eudyptes robustus Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 26 | 257 | 254 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[22] Eudyptes schlegeli Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 13 | 268 | 267 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[23] Eudyptes sclateri Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 23 | 259 | 257 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[24] Eudyptes warhami Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 194 | 85 | 85 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[25] Eudyptula minor Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 5 | 279 | 275 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[26] Eudyptula novaehollandiae Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 23 | 260 | 257 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[27] Gavia immer Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 61 | 210 | 210 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[28] † Icadyptes salasi Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 183 | 94 | 94 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[29] † Inguza predemersus Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 201 | 79 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[30] † Inkayacu paracasensis Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 154 | 125 | 125 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[31] † Kaiika maxwelli Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 248 | 28 | 28 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[32] † Petradyptes stonehousei Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 246 | 34 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[33] † Kairuku grebneffi Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 179 | 99 | 99 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[34] † Kairuku waewaeroa Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 198 | 79 | 79 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[35] † Kairuku waitaki Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 201 | 77 | 77 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[36] † Kumimanu biceae Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 239 | 35 | 35 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[37] † Kumimanu fordycei Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 261 | 17 | 17 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[38] † Kupoupou stilwelli Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 207 | 72 | 72 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[39] † Madrynornis mirandus Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 135 | 145 | 145 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[40] † Marplesornis novaezealandiae Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 206 | 71 | 71 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[41] Megadyptes antipodes Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 9 | 271 | 271 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[42] Megadyptes antipodes richdalei Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 152 | 128 | 128 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[43] Megadyptes antipodes waitaha Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 215 | 64 | 64 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[44] † Muriwaimanu tuatahi Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 172 | 108 | 108 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[45] † Notodyptes wimani Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 243 | 32 | 31 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[46] † Nucleornis insolitus Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 262 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[47] † Pachydyptes ponderosus Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 230 | 48 | 47 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[48] † Palaeeudyptes gunnari Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 219 | 61 | 60 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[49] † Palaeeudyptes klekowskii Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 211 | 68 | 67 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[50] † Palaeospheniscus bergi Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 200 | 80 | 79 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[51] † Palaeospheniscus biloculata Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 206 | 73 | 73 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[52] † Palaeospheniscus patagonicus Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 190 | 91 | 89 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[53] † Paraptenodytes antarcticus Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 194 | 86 | 86 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[54] † Perudyptes devriesi Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 216 | 62 | 61 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[55] Phoebastria albatrus Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 61 | 208 | 208 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[56] † Platydyptes marplesi Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 202 | 78 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[57] Platydyptes novaezealandiae Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 197 | 83 | 83 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[58] Pygoscelis adeliae Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 9 | 272 | 271 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[59] Pygoscelis antarcticus Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 7 | 276 | 273 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[60] Pygoscelis papua Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 7 | 279 | 273 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[61] Pygoscelis tyreii Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 225 | 53 | 53 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[62] † Sequiwaimanu rosieae Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 169 | 110 | 110 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[63] Spheniscus demersus Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 6 | 276 | 274 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[64] Spheniscus humboldti Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 8 | 274 | 272 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[65] Spheniscus magellanicus Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 8 | 273 | 272 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[66] Spheniscus megaramphus Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 226 | 54 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[67] Spheniscus mendiculus Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 10 | 270 | 270 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[68] † Spheniscus muizoni Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 218 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[69] Spheniscus urbinai Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 154 | 127 | 126 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[70] † Waimanu manneringi Last Modified in 09/05/23 | 243 | 30 | 30 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 4280 | |
Project overview | 195 | |
Documents list | 105 | |
Media views | 1554 | Media search (385 views); M894468 (124 views); M894470 (116 views); M894469 (74 views); M894464 (71 views); M894458 (66 views); M894455 (64 views); M894456 (67 views); M894457 (67 views); M894459 (64 views); M894460 (63 views); M894461 (66 views); M894462 (68 views); M894463 (65 views); M894465 (66 views); M894466 (66 views); M894467 (62 views); |
Matrix views | 133 | Matrix landing page (125 views); Penguin Matrix (8 views); |
Views for media list | 142 | |
Bibliography | 90 | |
Specimen list | 1167 | |
Taxon list | 894 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 6 | |
Document downloads | 1 | Penguin Matrix (1 download); |
Matrix downloads | 4 | Penguin Matrix (4 downloads); |
Project downloads | 1 |