Project 694: T. J. GAUDIN. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 140 (2):255-305.
Abstract
This study is undertaken in order to evaluate specific hypotheses of relationship among extant and extinct sloths(Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada). Questions of particular interest include the relationship among the three traditional family groupings of extinct ground sloths and the monophyletic or diphyletic origin of the two genera of extant tree sloths. A computer-based cladistic investigation of the phylogenetic relationships among 33 sloth genera is performed based upon 286 osteological characteristics of the skull, lower jaw, dentition and hyoid arch. Characters are polarized via comparisons with the following successive outgroups, all members of the supraordinal grouping Edentata: the Vermilingua, or anteaters; the Cingulata, or armadillos and glyptodonts; the Palaeanodonta; and the Pholidota, or pangolins. The results of the analysis strongly corroborate the diphyly of living tree sloths, with the three-toed sloth Bradypus positioned as the sister-taxon to all other sloths, and the two-toed sloth Choloepus allied with extinct members of the family Megalonychidae. These results imply that the split between the two extant sloth genera is ancient, dating back perhaps as much as 40 Myr, and that the similarities between the two taxa, including their suspensory locomotor habits, present one of the most dramatic examples of convergent evolution known among mammals. The monophyly of the three traditional ground sloth families Megatheriidae, Megalonychidae and Mylodontidaeis confirmed in the present study, and the late Miocene–Pleistocene nothrotheres are shown to form a clade. It is suggested that this latter clade merits recognition as a distinct family-level grouping, the family Nothrotheriidae. The monophyly of the Megatherioidea, a clade including members of the families Megatheriidae, Megalonychidae and Nothrotheriidae, is also supported. Within Megatherioidea, the families Nothrotheriidae and Megatheriidae form a monophyletic group called the Megatheria. The relationships within the families Megatheriidae and Mylodontidae are fully and consistently resolved, although the hypothesized scheme of relationships among the late Miocene to Pleistocene members of the mylodontid subfamily Mylodontinae differ strongly from any proposedby previous authors. Within the family Megalonychidae, Choloepus is allied to a monophyletic grouping of West Indian sloths, although the relationships within this clade are not fully resolved. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 140, 255–305.Read the article »
Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00100.x
Project DOI: 10.7934/P694, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P694
This project contains | Matrices |
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Download Project SDD File | Total scored cells: 11053 Total media associated with cells: 44 Total labels associated with cell media: 0 |
Characters | |
Total characters: 286 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 787 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:40/246 |
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MorphoBank Project 694
MorphoBank Project 694
- Creation Date:
18 March 2012 - Publication Date:
22 August 2012 - Project views: 88799
- Media downloads: 23
- Matrix downloads: 64
Authors' Institutions
- University of Tennessee
Members
member name | taxa | specimens | media | media notes | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||||||||||
Steven Heritage Project Administrator | 46 | 3 | 46 | 45 | 286 | 0 | 286 | 0 | 0 | 11053 (10584, 0, 469) | 0 | 0 | 44 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Timothy Gaudin Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Simone Hoffmann Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Maureen O'Leary Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Alan Turner Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M1653' (46 Taxa)
taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
[1] PHOLIDOTA Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 20 | 207 | 193 | 0 | 73 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[2] † Palaeanodon Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 175 | 112 | 111 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[3] † Metacheiromys Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 35 | 235 | 233 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[4] † Holmesina Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 60 | 219 | 219 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[5] † Glyptodont Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 47 | 236 | 232 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[6] † Prozaedyus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 35 | 240 | 240 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[7] EUPHRACTUS Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 3 | 278 | 274 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[8] TOLYPEUTES Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 6 | 282 | 268 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[9] † Palaeomyrmidon Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 162 | 80 | 80 | 0 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[10] CYCLOPES Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 12 | 216 | 214 | 0 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[11] † Protamandua Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 148 | 95 | 95 | 0 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[12] TAMANDUA Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 16 | 210 | 209 | 0 | 61 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[13] MYRMECOPHAGA Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 15 | 211 | 209 | 0 | 62 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[14] † Octodontotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 89 | 197 | 197 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[15] † Octomylodon Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 165 | 106 | 106 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[16] † Pseudoprepotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 60 | 226 | 226 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[17] † Thinobadistes Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 73 | 212 | 212 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[18] † Lestodon Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 41 | 246 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[19] † Pleurolestodon Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 90 | 196 | 196 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[20] † Glossotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 33 | 258 | 253 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[21] † Paramylodon Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 7 | 295 | 279 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[22] † Nematherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 30 | 265 | 256 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[23] † Catonyx Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 15 | 274 | 271 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[24] † Scelidotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 8 | 283 | 278 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[25] † Mylodon Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 21 | 263 | 259 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[26] CHOLOEPUS Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 2 | 301 | 261 | 0 | 1 | 22 | 0 | 5 |
[27] † Acratocnus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 16 | 275 | 270 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[28] † Neocnus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 139 | 146 | 146 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[29] † Parocnus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 85 | 205 | 201 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[30] † Megalocnus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 61 | 227 | 225 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[31] † Pliomorphus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 116 | 171 | 170 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[32] † Pliometanastes Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 115 | 173 | 170 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[33] † Megalonyx Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 6 | 281 | 277 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[34] BRADYPUS Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 3 | 295 | 259 | 0 | 2 | 22 | 0 | 5 |
[35] † Pronothrotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 33 | 254 | 253 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[36] † Nothropus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 21 | 265 | 265 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[37] † Nothrotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 61 | 211 | 210 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[38] † Nothrotheriops Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 2 | 271 | 269 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[39] † Eucholoeops Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 38 | 256 | 248 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[40] † Hapalops Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 11 | 308 | 275 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[41] † Planops Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 37 | 250 | 249 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[42] † Eremotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 10 | 280 | 275 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[43] † Megatherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 24 | 264 | 261 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[44] † Schismotherium Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 31 | 263 | 255 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[45] † Pelecyodon Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 55 | 232 | 231 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
[46] † Analcimorphus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 76 | 214 | 210 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Project views
type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
Total project views | 88799 | |
Project overview | 5851 | |
Matrix views | 3310 | Matrix landing page (2609 views); Gaudin.2004_data.matrix.nex (701 views); |
Media views | 47810 | Media search (6682 views); M108635 (902 views); M108658 (824 views); M108641 (863 views); M108646 (1140 views); M108655 (936 views); M108637 (1141 views); M108642 (885 views); M108722 (947 views); M108645 (935 views); M108638 (901 views); M108679 (797 views); M108650 (832 views); M108640 (1030 views); M108681 (854 views); M108677 (835 views); M108665 (832 views); M108648 (1052 views); M108644 (830 views); M108667 (875 views); M108661 (844 views); M108678 (753 views); M108657 (821 views); M108664 (888 views); M108670 (832 views); M108666 (868 views); M108676 (877 views); M108663 (804 views); M108674 (794 views); M108675 (796 views); M108643 (1040 views); M108653 (1108 views); M108647 (1204 views); M108654 (865 views); M108659 (898 views); M108669 (843 views); M108723 (775 views); M108652 (828 views); M108673 (793 views); M108656 (998 views); M108662 (892 views); M108649 (858 views); M108651 (870 views); M108668 (886 views); M108660 (826 views); M108671 (889 views); M108672 (867 views); |
Views for media list | 4267 | |
Specimen list | 6486 | |
Taxon list | 16531 | |
Bibliography | 2265 | |
Documents list | 2279 |
Project downloads
type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
Total downloads from project | 535 | |
Document downloads | 39 | Gaudin.2004.Phylogenetic.relationships.among.sloths.pdf (6 downloads); Gaudin.1995.The.ear.region.of.edentates.pdf (5 downloads); Gaudin.2004_data.matrix.nex (15 downloads); Gaudin.2004_paup.block_settings.and.search.nex (13 downloads); |
Project downloads | 409 | |
Media downloads | 23 | M108635 (1 download); M108658 (3 downloads); M108645 (1 download); M108640 (2 downloads); M108638 (2 downloads); M108637 (1 download); M108643 (1 download); M108644 (2 downloads); M108646 (1 download); M108650 (1 download); M108659 (1 download); M108660 (1 download); M108662 (1 download); M108663 (2 downloads); M108676 (1 download); M108666 (1 download); M108669 (1 download); |
Matrix downloads | 64 | Gaudin.2004_data.matrix.nex (64 downloads); |